Table 2.
Multi-level regression exploring the association of sociodemographic, macroeconomic and environmental variables with life satisfaction in 27 EU countries, 2014–2015
| Ordered regression modela | Logistic regression modelb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | p-value | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | p-value | 95% CI | |
| Area of residence | ||||||
| Rural (ref.) | ||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 0.597 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.98 | 0.098 | 0.96–1.00 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female (ref.) | ||||||
| Male | 0.91 | < 0.001 | 0.89–0.92 | 0.92 | < 0.001 | 0.90–0.94 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married (ref.) | ||||||
| Single | 0.66 | < 0.001 | 0.64–0.68 | 0.66 | < 0.001 | 0.64–0.68 |
| Divorced | 0.58 | < 0.001 | 0.56–0.59 | 0.59 | < 0.001 | 0.56–0.61 |
| Widowed | 0.60 | < 0.001 | 0.58–0.62 | 0.61 | < 0.001 | 0.58–0.63 |
| Other | 0.74 | < 0.001 | 0.67–0.82 | 0.74 | < 0.001 | 0.66–0.83 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Employed (ref.) | ||||||
| Houseperson | 0.83 | < 0.001 | 0.80–0.86 | 0.94 | 0.008 | 0.89–0.98 |
| Student | 1.35 | < 0.001 | 1.29–1.41 | 1.40 | < 0.001 | 1.32–1.47 |
| Unemployed | 0.44 | < 0.001 | 0.43–0.46 | 0.58 | < 0.001 | 0.55–0.61 |
| Retired | 0.77 | < 0.001 | 0.75–0.79 | 0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.86–0.92 |
| Age | ||||||
| 65+ years old (ref.) | ||||||
| 55–64 | 0.81 | < 0.001 | 0.79–0.83 | 0.81 | < 0.001 | 0.78–0.84 |
| 45–54 | 0.80 | < 0.001 | 0.77–0.83 | 0.79 | < 0.001 | 0.75–0.82 |
| 35–44 | 1.01 | 0.528 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.95 | 0.033 | 0.91–1.00 |
| 25–34 | 1.24 | < 0.001 | 1.19–1.29 | 1.15 | < 0.001 | 1.09–1.20 |
| 15–24 | 1.79 | < 0.001 | 1.71–1.89 | 1.65 | < 0.001 | 1.55–1.76 |
| Difficulty paying bills | ||||||
| Never (ref.) | ||||||
| From time to time | 0.39 | < 0.001 | 0.38–0.40 | 0.38 | < 0.001 | 0.37–0.39 |
| Most of the time | 0.14 | < 0.001 | 0.14–0.14 | 0.28 | < 0.001 | 0.27–0.30 |
| Mean annual temperature | 0.98 | 0.203 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.98 | 0.396 | 0.93–1.03 |
| Sunshine (h per day) | 0.94 | 0.171 | 0.87–1.03 | 0.93 | 0.204 | 0.83–1.04 |
| Precipitation (per 100 L/m2) | 1.00 | 0.867 | 0.97–1.03 | 1.02 | 0.258 | 0.98–1.06 |
| GDP per capita (per €1000) | 1.01 | 0.001 | 1.00–1.02 | 1.01 | 0.025 | 1.00–1.02 |
| Affected by the crisis | ||||||
| No (ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.01 | 0.943 | 0.85–1.19 | 1.16 | 0.195 | 0.92–1.47 |
| Land use with heavy environmental impact (as % of total land) | 0.98 | 0.036 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.99 | 0.240 | 0.97–1.01 |
| Season | ||||||
| Spring (ref.) | ||||||
| Summer | 0.91 | < 0.001 | 0.90–0.93 | 0.94 | < 0.001 | 0.92–0.97 |
| Autumn | 0.97 | 0.013 | 0.96–0.99 | 0.96 | 0.002 | 0.94–0.98 |
| Winter | 0.94 | < 0.001 | 0.92–0.97 | 0.90 | < 0.001 | 0.87–0.94 |
a Results interpreted as odds ratio of reporting a higher level of life satisfaction for a one-unit change in the independent variable (or compared to a reference category in categorical independent variables)
b Results interpreted as odds ratio of being very satisfied with life -compared to all other responses- for a one-unit change in the independent variable (or compared to a reference category in categorical independent variables)