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. 2015 Sep 12;2015(9):CD007863. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007863.pub4

Comparison 1. Traditional antenatal CTG versus no antenatal CTG.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Perinatal mortality 4 1627 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.05 [0.95, 4.42]
1.1 Women at increased risk of complications 4 1627 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.05 [0.95, 4.42]
1.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Women with no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Caesarean section 3 1279 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
2.1 Women at increased risk of complications 3 1279 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
2.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Any potentially preventable perinatal deaths 4 1627 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.46 [0.96, 6.30]
3.1 Women at increased risk of complications 4 1627 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.46 [0.96, 6.30]
3.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Apgar less than 7 at 5 minutes 1 396 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.37, 1.88]
4.1 Women at increased risk of complications 1 396 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.37, 1.88]
4.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Apgar less than 4 at 5 minutes 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Cord pH less than 7.10 or low pH as defined by trialists 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit 2 883 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.08 [0.84, 1.39]
7.1 Women at increased risk of complications 2 883 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.08 [0.84, 1.39]
7.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Length of stay in neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.3 Women at no defined risk  0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11 Preterm birth less than 28 weeks 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12 Gestational age at birth 1 353 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [‐0.33, 0.33]
12.1 Women at increased risk of complications 1 353 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [‐0.33, 0.33]
12.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13 Neonatal seizures (seizures in the neonatal period, either apparent clinically or detected by electroencephalographic recordings) 1 300 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.54 [0.05, 5.91]
13.1 Women at increased risk of complications 1 300 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.54 [0.05, 5.91]
13.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14 Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy as defined by trialists 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15 Cerebral palsy at 12 months of age 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.3 Women at no defined risk  0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16 Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.2 Women at low risk of complications  0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17 Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18 Induction of labour 2 696 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.80, 1.17]
18.1 Women at increased risk of complications 2 696 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.80, 1.17]
18.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19 Antenatal hospital admission 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
19.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20 Length of antenatal hospital stay 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
20.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21 Emotional distress/depression/anxiety 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
21.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22 Women's satisfaction with care 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.1 Women at increased risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.2 Women at low risk of complications 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
22.3 Women at no defined risk 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]