Table 1.
Clinical and Imaging Characteristics
| Overall (n=90) | RVdys+* (n=29) | RVdys − (n=61) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLINICAL | ||||
| Age (year) | 68 ± 10 | 68 ± 11 | 67 ± 10 | 0.60 |
| Male gender | 81% (73) | 90% (26) | 77% (47) | 0.15 |
| Body surface area | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 0.69 |
| Heart rate | 67 ±15 | 70 ± 14 | 65 ± 14 | 0.18 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 123 ± 17 | 123 ± 13 | 123 ± 19 | 0.93 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 69 ± 11 | 70 ± 9 | 69 ± 12 | 0.78 |
| Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 79% (71) | 66% (19) | 85% (52) | 0.03 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 77% (69) | 66% (19) | 82% (50) | 0.09 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 52% (47) | 55% (16) | 51% (31) | 0.70 |
| Tobacco use | 61% (55) | 66% (19) | 59% (36) | 0.55 |
| Family history | 24% (22) | 24% (7) | 25% (15) | 0.96 |
| Prior Myocardial Infarction | 53% (48) | 59% (17) | 51% (31) | 0.49 |
| Prior Coronary Revascularization | 77% (69) | 79% (23) | 75% (46) | 0.68 |
| Percutaneous Intervention | 57% (51) | 62% (18) | 54% (33) | 0.48 |
| Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting | 32% (29) | 31% (9) | 33% (20) | 0.86 |
| Cardiovascular Medications | ||||
| Beta-blocker | 81% (73) | 79% (23) | 82% (50) | 0.09 |
| ACEI/ARB | 63% (57) | 76% (22) | 57% (35) | 0.09 |
| Loop diuretic | 42% (38) | 59% (17) | 34% (21) | 0.03 |
| HMG CoA-Reductase Inhibitor | 81% (73) | 83% (24) | 80% (49) | 0.78 |
| Aspirin | 89% (80) | 86% (25) | 90% (55) | 0.72 |
| Thienopyridine | 42% (38) | 45% (13) | 41% (25) | 0.73 |
| Cardiovascular Symptoms | ||||
| Chest pain | 56% (50) | 66% (19) | 51% (31) | 0.19 |
| Dyspnea | 67% (60) | 83% (24) | 59% (36) | 0.03 |
| NYHA Class (1/2/3/4) | (56%/26%/11%/7%) | (28%/38%/21%/14%) | (69%/21%/7%/3%) | <0.001 |
| CARDIAC MORPHOLOGY/FUNCTION (CMR) | ||||
| Right Ventricle | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 52.8 ± 12.0 | 38.9 ± 8.2 | 59.4 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| End-diastolic volume (ml)* | 151.2 ± 51.4 | 179.2 ± 55.8 | 138.0 ± 43.7 | <0.001 |
| End-systolic volume (ml)* | 74.8 ± 42.4 | 111.9 ± 48.9 | 57.2 ± 23.9 | <0.001 |
| RV myocardial mass (g) | 29.1 ± 10.4 | 32.3 ± 8.6 | 27.6 ± 10.9 | 0.046 |
| (g/m2) | 14.9 ± 5.0 | 16.9 ± 5.1 | 14.0 ± 4.7 | 0.009 |
| Relative mass (g/ml) | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.08 |
| End-diastolic length (cm) | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 0.002 |
| End-diastolic width (cm) | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.009 |
| Left Ventricle | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 43.8 ± 14.9 | 31.8 ± 11.2 | 49.5 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| End-diastolic volume (ml) | 201.2 ± 63.8 | 236.2 ± 57.0 | 184.5 ± 60.4 | <0.001 |
| End-systolic volume (ml) | 119.6 ± 62.1 | 164.4 ± 54.8 | 98.3 ± 53.7 | <0.001 |
| LV myocardial mass (g) | 158.7 ± 47.7 | 172.3 ± 37.6 | 152.2 ± 50.8 | 0.06 |
| (g/m2) | 81.1 ± 21.2 | 89.3 ± 18.0 | 77.2 ± 21.7 | 0.01 |
| End-diastolic diameter (cm) | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 0.004 |
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | ||||
| Mitral Regurgitation | ||||
| Severity grade (1–4) | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Regurgitant fraction (%) | 37.3 ± 14.7 | 42.2 ± 15.3 | 33.5 ± 13.2 | 0.02 |
| Pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 37.8 ± 15.0 | 43.5 ± 15.5 | 34.6 ± 13.8 | 0.01 |
| Pulmonary hypertension§ | 51% (37) | 69% (18) | 40% (19) | 0.02 |
| Advanced pulmonary hypertension° | 15% (11) | 31% (8) | 6% (3) | 0.01 |
*
RV dysfunction defined as RVEF<50%.
§
Pulmonary hypertension defined as PASP>35 mmHg.
°
Advanced pulmonary hypertension defined as PASP>50.
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (data in parentheses refer to range for each respective variable).