Emapunil mitigates ER stress. A, qPCR analysis of relative mRNA expression levels of unspliced Xbp1. B, qPCR analysis of relative mRNA expression levels of spliced Xbp1s. C, Ratio of spliced Xbp1s/unspliced Xbp1 normalized to NaCl control. One-way ANOVA, in between-group difference: p = 0.25329 (Xbp1), p < 0.0001 (spliced Xbp1s), and p = 0.003151 (ratio Xbp1s/Xbp1). **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; Tukey's post hoc test. D, Cell toxicity was measured by adenylate kinase release (relative ToxiLight luminescence) in differentiated LUHMES cells treated with DMSO, MPP+, or rotenone and with or without addition of Emapunil. Two-way ANOVA, in all interaction comparisons: p < 0.0001. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; Holm–Sidak post hoc test. E, XBP1s/XBP1 ratios in LUHMES cells. One-way ANOVA, in between-group difference: p < 0.0001. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; Tukey's post hoc test.