Fig 1. Adjusted^* risk ratio estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of the joint maternal BMI and GDM status categories with childhood obesity at 5–7 years of age among 45,543 women delivering at Kaiser Permanente Northern California in 1995–2004.

^* Among n = 45,543 with BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m²; Adjusted for maternal age and race-ethnicity; women classified as normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²) without GDM serve as the reference. Panel A: GDM defined by the CC criteria, n = 20,371 normal weight without GDM as the reference. Panel B: GDM definition expanded to include meeting one or more of the IADPSG thresholds for the fasting, 1-hr or 2-hr time points of the 100-g, 3-h OGTT or the CC criteria, n = 19,855 normal weight without GDM as the reference. BMI: body mass index, GDM: gestational diabetes, CC: Carpenter and Coustan, NDDG: National Diabetes Data Group, IADPSG: International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups.