Table 7.
Comparison of iPad and PC groups at each time point (longitudinal sample).
| Clinic iPad | Clinic PC | Mean Difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N iPad | mean (SD) | N PC | Mean (SD) | iPad – PC mean (95% CI) | p-value | d | |
| BASELINE | |||||||
| DET speed | 57 | 2.65 (0.14) | 62 | 2.65 (0.11) | 0.00 (−0.046, 0.047) | 0.98 | 0.00 |
| DET raw speed | 477.42 (209) | 463.14 (136) | 14.27 (−50, 79) | 0.66 | −0.08 | ||
| DET variability | 0.11 (0.045) | 0.08 (0.032) | 0.03 (0.019, 0.047) | <0.001 | −0.85 | ||
| DET accuracy | 1.48 (0.1) | 1.53 (0.082) | −0.05 (−0.084, −0.017) | 0.004 | 0.54 | ||
| DET raw accuracy | 0.98 (0.023) | 0.99 (0.017) | −0.01 (−0.018, −0.0031) | 0.006 | 0.52 | ||
| IDN speed | 60 | 2.84 (0.11) | 63 | 2.77 (0.058) | 0.08 (0.044, 0.11) | <0.001 | −0.86 |
| IDN raw speed | 719.86 (175) | 592.54 (83) | 127.32 ( 78, 177) | <0.001 | −0.92 | ||
| IDN variability | 0.09 (0.026) | 0.09 (0.022) | 0.00 (−0.0066, 0.011) | 0.65 | −0.08 | ||
| IDN accuracy | 1.45 (0.13) | 1.44 (0.12) | 0.02 (−0.029, 0.061) | 0.49 | −0.12 | ||
| IDN raw accuracy | 0.97 (0.04) | 0.97 (0.033) | 0.00 (−0.012, 0.014) | 0.90 | −0.02 | ||
| OCL speed | 59 | 3.11 (0.1) | 61 | 3.06 (0.081) | 0.04 (0.011, 0.078) | 0.01 | −0.48 |
| OCL raw speed | 1320.54 (308) | 1179.69 (223) | 140.85 ( 43, 238) | 0.005 | −0.52 | ||
| OCL variability | 0.15 (0.038) | 0.14 (0.028) | 0.01 (−0.0048, 0.019) | 0.24 | −0.22 | ||
| OCL accuracy | 0.99 (0.086) | 0.98 (0.089) | 0.01 (−0.024, 0.039) | 0.65 | −0.08 | ||
| OCL raw accuracy | 0.69 (0.077) | 0.69 (0.08) | 0.01 (−0.022, 0.035) | 0.64 | −0.09 | ||
| ONB speed | 60 | 3.00 (0.098) | 61 | 2.96 (0.077) | 0.05 (0.016, 0.08) | 0.003 | −0.55 |
| ONB raw speed | 1034.17 (227) | 917.82 (167) | 116.35 ( 44, 188) | 0.002 | −0.58 | ||
| ONB variability | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.033) | 0.00 (−0.013, 0.0093) | 0.72 | 0.06 | ||
| ONB accuracy | 1.37 (0.17) | 1.37 (0.15) | 0.00 (−0.06, 0.056) | 0.95 | 0.01 | ||
| ONB raw accuracy | 0.94 (0.065) | 0.94(0.064) | 0.00 (−0.027, 0.019) | 0.73 | 0.06 | ||
| GMLT MPS | 24 | 0.63 (0.14) | 59 | 0.49 (0.13) | 0.14 (0.071, 0.2) | <0.001 | −1.01 |
| GMLT Total Errors | 57.58 (17) | 60.83 (17) | −3.25 (−12, 5.2) | 0.44 | 0.19 | ||
| TIME 2 | |||||||
| DET speed | 57 | 2.64 (0.13) | 54 | 2.64 (0.12) | 0.00 (−0.052, 0.045) | 0.89 | 0.03 |
| DET raw speed | 456.85 (170) | 456.82 (156) | 0.03 (−61, 61) | >0.99 | 0.00 | ||
| DET variability | 0.09 (0.026) | 0.10 (0.045) | −0.01 (−0.027, 0.00058) | 0.06 | 0.36 | ||
| DET accuracy | 1.47 (0.11) | 1.49 (0.1) | −0.02 (−0.058, 0.021) | 0.36 | 0.17 | ||
| DET raw accuracy | 0.98 (0.026) | 0.98 (0.023) | 0.00 (−0.014, 0.0045) | 0.31 | 0.19 | ||
| IDN speed | 59 | 2.77 (0.085) | 62 | 2.76 (0.07) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.036) | 0.59 | −0.10 |
| IDN raw speed | 595.71 (121) | 581.89 (104) | 13.81 (−27, 55) | 0.50 | −0.12 | ||
| IDN variability | 0.09 (0.022) | 0.09 (0.027) | 0.00 (−0.0067, 0.011) | 0.64 | −0.08 | ||
| IDN accuracy | 1.40 (0.13) | 1.41 (0.12) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.041) | 0.85 | 0.03 | ||
| IDN raw accuracy | 0.96 (0.047) | 0.96 (0.039) | −0.01 (−0.021, 0.01) | 0.51 | 0.12 | ||
| OCL speed | 59 | 3.06 (0.088) | 61 | 3.07 (0.091) | −0.01 (−0.042, 0.023) | 0.57 | 0.10 |
| OCL raw speed | 1167.97 (250) | 1195.09 (266) | −27.13 (−120, 66) | 0.57 | 0.11 | ||
| OCL variability | 0.14 (0.035) | 0.15 (0.047) | −0.01 (−0.025, 0.0054) | 0.20 | 0.23 | ||
| OCL accuracy | 0.99 (0.097) | 1.01 (0.095) | −0.02 (−0.058, 0.011) | 0.18 | 0.24 | ||
| OCL raw accuracy | 0.70 (0.086) | 0.72 (0.083) | −0.02 (−0.052, 0.0093) | 0.17 | 0.25 | ||
| ONB speed | 61 | 2.96 (0.098) | 62 | 2.96 (0.089) | 0.00 (−0.035, 0.032) | 0.91 | 0.02 |
| ONB raw speed | 928.86 (216) | 929.67 (212) | −0.82 (−77, 76) | 0.98 | 0.00 | ||
| ONB variability | 0.13 (0.029) | 0.14 (0.036) | −0.01 (−0.023, 0.00043) | 0.06 | 0.34 | ||
| ONB accuracy | 1.31 (0.14) | 1.35 (0.14) | −0.04 (−0.091, 0.0091) | 0.11 | 0.29 | ||
| ONB raw accuracy | 0.92 (0.066) | 0.94 (0.061) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.0057) | 0.14 | 0.27 | ||
| GMLT MPS | 10 | 0.71 (0.14) | 27 | 0.49 (0.12) | 0.22 (0.11, 0.33) | <0.001 | −1.60 |
| GMLT Total Errors | 57.10 (19) | 62.30 (23) | −5.20 (−20, 10) | 0.49 | 0.26 | ||
| TIME 3 | |||||||
| DET speed | 61 | 2.65 (0.15) | 59 | 2.66 (0.12) | −0.01 (−0.059, 0.041) | 0.73 | 0.06 |
| DET raw speed | 478.20 (235) | 471.02 (146) | 7.18 (−63, 78) | 0.84 | −0.04 | ||
| DET variability | 0.10 (0.039) | 0.10 (0.041) | 0.00 (−0.017, 0.012) | 0.77 | 0.05 | ||
| DET accuracy | 1.47 (0.11) | 1.51 (0.09) | −0.03 (−0.071, 0.0033) | 0.07 | 0.33 | ||
| DET raw accuracy | 0.98 (0.028) | 0.99 (0.018) | −0.01 (−0.018, −0.0013) | 0.02 | 0.42 | ||
| IDN speed | 57 | 2.79 (0.09) | 61 | 2.75 (0.065) | 0.04 (0.015, 0.073) | 0.003 | −0.56 |
| IDN raw speed | 629.96 (134) | 563.54 (89) | 66.41 ( 24, 108) | 0.002 | −0.58 | ||
| IDN variability | 0.09 (0.028) | 0.09 (0.022) | 0.00 (−0.0075, 0.011) | 0.72 | −0.07 | ||
| IDN accuracy | 1.44 (0.14) | 1.42 (0.12) | 0.02 (−0.026, 0.071) | 0.36 | −0.17 | ||
| IDN raw accuracy | 0.96 (0.049) | 0.96 (0.036) | 0.00 (−0.014, 0.018) | 0.82 | −0.04 | ||
| OCL speed | 63 | 3.07 (0.084) | 61 | 3.05 (0.085) | 0.02 (−0.0096, 0.051) | 0.18 | −0.24 |
| OCL raw speed | 1199.98 (245) | 1144.18 (224) | 55.80 (−28, 140) | 0.19 | −0.24 | ||
| OCL variability | 0.14 (0.037) | 0.15 (0.035) | 0.00 (−0.015, 0.01) | 0.70 | 0.07 | ||
| OCL accuracy | 0.99 (0.096) | 1.02 (0.081) | −0.03 (−0.061, 0.0025) | 0.07 | 0.33 | ||
| OCL raw accuracy | 0.69 (0.087) | 0.72 (0.071) | −0.03 (−0.055, 0.0011) | 0.06 | 0.34 | ||
| ONB speed | 62 | 2.96 (0.083) | 62 | 2.96 (0.083) | 0.00 (−0.027, 0.031) | 0.90 | −0.02 |
| ONB raw speed | 936.05 (172) | 932.91 (183) | 3.14 (−60, 66) | 0.92 | −0.02 | ||
| ONB variability | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.031) | −0.01 (−0.017, 0.0044) | 0.24 | 0.21 | ||
| ONB accuracy | 1.38 (0.14) | 1.34 (0.15) | 0.04 (−0.015, 0.089) | 0.16 | −0.25 | ||
| ONB raw accuracy | 0.94 (0.055) | 0.93 (0.071) | 0.02 (−0.0054, 0.039) | 0.13 | −0.27 | ||
| GMLT MPS | 11 | 0.63 (0.13) | 8 | 0.55 (0.14) | 0.08 (−0.053, 0.21) | 0.22 | 0.60 |
| GMLT Total Errors | 61.00 (19) | 47.25 (19) | 13.75 (−2.2, 30) | 0.09 | 0.80 |
Note. Higher values for speed variables indicate slower response time; higher GMLT MPS indicate faster response time. PC = personal computer; SD = standard deviation; DET = Detection; IDN = Identification; OCL = One Card Learning; ONB = One Back; GMLT = Groton Maze Learning Test; MPS = Moves Per Seconds.