Table 1.
Demographics, biochemical parameters and neuropsychological tests of ESRD patients before and after undergoing PD and normal controls
| Normal control | ESRD patients | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-PD | Post-PD | NC vs. Pre-PDa | NC vs. Post-PDb | Pre-PD vs. Post-PDc | ||
| No. of subjects | 18 | 15 | 15 | |||
| Age (y) | 57.56 ± 7.56 | 57.07 ± 9.18 | 57.07 ± 9.18 | 0.789 | - | - |
| Gender (male/female) | 10/8 | 8/7 | 8/7 | >0.999 | - | - |
| Education (years) | 11.89 ± 5.87 | 9.13 ± 3.18 | 9.13 ± 3.18 | 0.114 | - | - |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.29 ± 5.80 | 26.77 ± 10.91 | - | - | 0.363 | |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | - | 9.11 ± 1.48 | 10.09 ± 1.64 | - | - | 0.053 |
| Hct (%) | - | 27.45 ± 4.46 | 29.68 ± 5.38 | - | - | 0.125 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | - | 76.47 ± 26.41 | 69.53 ± 24.32 | - | - | 0.222 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | - | 11.02 ± 4.72 | 10.64 ± 3.57 | - | - | 0.865 |
| EGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | - | 4.73 ± 1.98 | 4.80 ± 2.11 | - | - | 0.944 |
| Ca (mg/dl) | - | 9.00 ± 1.23 | 8.78 ± 0.76 | - | - | 0.925 |
| P (mg/dl) | - | 4.97 ± 1.41 | 5.03 ± 1.59 | - | - | 0.609 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | - | 3.43 ± 0.48 | 3.49 ± 0.42 | - | - | 0.198 |
| Neuropsychological tests | ||||||
| Attention | ||||||
| Mental manipulation (CASI) | 9.28 ± 1.36 | 7.80 ± 2.14 | 8.00 ± 1.69 | 0.033* | 0.036* | 0.751 |
| Attention (CASI) | 7.22 ± 1.06 | 6.87 ± 0.99 | 7.07 ± 0.88 | 0.290 | 0.464 | 0.490 |
| Orientation (CASI) | 17.28 ± 1.41 | 17.07 ± 2.37 | 17.00 ± 1.65 | 0.957 | 0.605 | 0.660 |
| Executive function | ||||||
| Digit symbol coding (WAIS) | 9.94 ± 3.65 | 5.64 ± 2.65 | 6.53 ± 2.56 | 0.001** | 0.005** | 0.032* |
| Abstract thinking (CASI) | 9.78 ± 1.96 | 9.47 ± 1.77 | 9.00 ± 1.96 | 0.656 | 0.274 | 0.412 |
| Total number correct (WCST) | 35.59 ± 12.03 | 34.53 ± 12.22 | 39.33 ± 10.06 | 0.823 | 0.274 | 0.053 |
| Total number error (WCST) | 28.41 ± 12.03 | 23.33 ± 16.86 | 24.67 ± 10.06 | 0.823 | 0.390 | 0.865 |
| Perseverative responses (WCST) | 13.06 ± 6.87 | 17.47 ± 8.48 | 13.07 ± 5.40 | 0.100 | 0.789 | 0.099 |
| Perseverative errors (WCST) | 11.89 ± 5.73 | 14.80 ± 6.03 | 11.60 ± 4.37 | 0.145 | 0.929 | 0.060 |
| Non-perseverative errors (WCST) | 15.44 ± 10.10 | 14.67 ± 9.69 | 13.07 ± 9.13 | 0.873 | 0.464 | 0.570 |
| Conceptual level responses (WCST) | 0.44 ± 0.27 | 0.41 ± 0.26 | 0.48 ± 0.21 | 0.817 | 0.630 | 0.158 |
| Number of categories completed (WCST) | 2.22 ± 1.67 | 1.53 ± 1.06 | 2.13 ± 1.25 | 0.343 | 0.957 | 0.039* |
| Memory function | ||||||
| Long-term memory (CASI) | 9.78 ± 0.94 | 9.33 ± 0.98 | 9.20 ± 1.82 | 0.215 | 0.486 | >0.999 |
| Short-term memory (CASI) | 9.94 ± 1.82 | 8.01 ± 2.81 | 9.41 ± 1.85 | 0.040* | 0.381 | 0.026* |
| Speech and language function | ||||||
| Language (CASI) | 9.50 ± 1.03 | 8.96 ± 0.99 | 9.35 ± 0.80 | 0.057 | 0.178 | 0.194 |
| Semantic verbal fluencies (CASI) | 7.83 ± 2.31 | 6.40 ± 2.23 | 6.93 ± 2.37 | 0.086 | 0.290 | 0.429 |
| Comprehension (WAIS) | 10.35 ± 3.32 | 6.64 ± 3.22 | 7.53 ± 3.58 | 0.006** | 0.067 | 0.040* |
| Similarities (WAIS) | 10.17 ± 2.94 | 7.80 ± 1.93 | 8.53 ± 2.13 | 0.016* | 0.100 | 0.184 |
| Visuospatial function | ||||||
| Picture completion (WAIS) | 10.44 ± 4.73 | 6.20 ± 2.14 | 7.20 ± 1.47 | 0.001** | 0.008** | 0.048* |
| Block design (WAIS) | 10.11 ± 3.60 | 6.73 ± 2.66 | 7.13 ± 2.85 | 0.007** | 0.020* | 0.281 |
| Drawing (CASI) | 9.72 ± 0.67 | 9.87 ± 0.35 | 9.80 ± 0.56 | 0.817 | 0.873 | 0.705 |
| CASI total score | 90.33 ± 8.24 | 83.77 ± 7.80 | 85.69 ± 8.47 | 0.015* | 0.048* | 0.293 |
| MMSE total score | 27.22 ± 2.65 | 25.27 ± 2.60 | 25.87 ± 1.55 | 0.022* | 0.048* | 0.226 |
| Global brain measurements | ||||||
| TIV (ml) | 1363.69 ± 138.70 | 1289.32 ± 117.24 | 1293.32 ± 120.87 | 0.117 | 0.166 | 0.256 |
| Mean CBF (mL/100g/min) | 40.81 ± 5.33 | 54.65 ± 11.00 | 51.21 ± 16.42 | <0.001*** | 0.036* | 0.394 |
Numerical data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical data are presented as numbers
a, bMann-Whitney U test
cWilcoxon signed-rank test
ESRD end-stage renal disease, PD peritoneal dialysis, BMI body mass index, Hct haematocrit, BUN blood urea nitrogen, EGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, Ca calcium, P phosphorus, CASI Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument, WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, TIV total intracranial volume, CBF cerebral blood flow
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001