Table 1.

Modifiable, partially modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors that may be involved in the occurrence of postoperative cognitive decline following cardiac surgery.

	Preoperative	Intraoperative	Postoperative
Modifiable	Arterial pressure control [2]	Surgical manipulation [64]	Duration of mechanical ventilation [29]
	Glycemic control [73]	Cardiopulmonary bypass [23]	Sedation, analgesia and delirium management [15]
	Alcohol, nicotine or substance abuse [27,66]	Temperature management [54]
		Hematocrit management [59]
		Arterial pressure management [51]
		Glycemic control [75]
Partially modifiable	Neurocognitive reserve [12]	Anesthetic management and bispectral index control [81]	Postoperative complications [3]
	Depression and anxiety [38]	Cerebral oxygen control [61]	Patient frailty [1]
	Education level [80]	Duration of surgery [16]	Sleep disturbance [16]
	Social adjustment [4]
Nonmodifiable	Old age [16]	Type of surgery [11]	Hospital environment [20]
	Female sex [79]
	Genetics [27]
	Dementia [4]
	Neurodegenerative disease [3]
	Underlying vascular disease [69]
	Kidney and liver disease [76,78]
	Pulmonary disease [77]

References attached to risk factors are listed in the reference list at the end of article. Please see the body of the article text for additional discussion.