Table 1.
Baseline subject’s characteristics
| Recent HIV-1 infection | Chronic HIV-1 infection | HIV-Negative | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ART-naive | On ART | RHI vs neg | Overall | ||||
| N = 202 | 49 | 71 | 27 | 55 | |||
| Female gender | 32 (65%) | 52 (73%) | 15 (55%) | 43 (78%) | 0.189 | 0.154 | |
| Age (years) | 26 (20; 30) | 35 (29; 45.5) | 42 (36.5; 46.5) | 25 (21; 37) | 0.210 | < 0.001 | |
| Weight (kg) | 55 (49; 62) | 63 (53.5; 68.5) | 61 (60; 68.5) | 58.5 (52; 67) | 0.093 | 0.007 | |
| Height (cm) | 160 (155; 169.7) | 160 (154.2; 164) | 164 (157.5; 167.5) | 163.9 (160; 170.8) | 0.192 | 0.025 | |
| BMI | 21 (19.1; 23.5) | 23.7 (21; 27.6) | 23.3 (21.5; 25) | 22.2 (18.5; 25) | 0.637 | < 0.001 | |
| Pregnancy | 3 (6.1%) | 0 | 0 | 7 (12.7%) | 0.730 | 0.003 | |
| CD4+ T cell/mm3 | 572 (409; 677) | 533 (430.5; 726) | 460 (366; 594.5) | 928 (741; 1142.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| CD8+ T cell/mm3 | 1229 (740; 1683) | 988 (763.5; 1304) | 834 (657.5; 1130) | 591 (387.5; 689.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| CD4+/CD8+ | 0.42 (0.23; 0.70) | 0.56 (0.38; 0.79) | 0.52 (0.33; 0.88) | 1.65 (1.21; 2.24) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| HIV-1 RNA at timepoint 1 (copies/mL) | 108,220 (31,898; 273,650) | 33,400 (7288; 105,200) | 75 (75; 272.5) | – | – | < 0.001 | |
| HIV-1 RNA at screening (copies/ml) | 2,752,700 (179,220; 15,078,000) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Time since HIV-1-diagnosis, days | – | 1344 (977; 1737) | 1814 (1463; 2302) | – | – | 0.018 | |
| Time on ART, days | – | – | 1257 (678; 1640) | – | – | – | |
| Fiebig stage at screening* | III | 24 (49%) | – | – | – | – | |
| IV | 7 (14.2%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| V | 7 (14.2%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| VI | 11 (22.6%) | – | – | – | – | ||
| White blood cells | 5.8 (4.4; 6.7) | 5.2 (4.2; 6.4) | 3.7 (3.2; 5) | 5.2 (4.4; 6.5) | 0.413 | < 0.001 | |
| Hemoglobin | 12.1 (10.9; 13.1) | 11.8 (10.4; 12.7) | 11.4 (10.8; 12.7) | 12.3 (11.6; 13.2) | 0.409 | 0.114 | |
| Hematocrite | 36.9 (33.5; 39.8) | 35.6 (32.7; 38.5) | 34.4 (33; 38) | 37.7 (34.7; 40.1) | 0.320 | 0.044 | |
| Platelets | 184.5 (140.7; 230.7) | 205 (174.5; 258) | 192 (173.5; 216) | 226 (185; 265.5) | 0.004 | 0.028 | |
| Hepatitis B | 4 (8.1%) | 2 (2.8%) | 3 (11.1%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0.173 | 0.125 | |
| Syphilis | 2 (4.1%) | 0 | 1 (3.7%) | 4 (7.3%) | 0.682 | 0.089 | |
| Diarrhea, previous week | 7 (14.3%) | 3 (4.2%) | 1 (3.7%) | 4 (7.3%) | 0.343 | 0.214 | |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.3 (36.2; 36.5) | 36.4 (36.2; 36.4) | 36.4 (36.2; 36.4) | 36.2 (36.1; 36.5) | 0.956 | 0.509 | |
| Fever, previous 24 h | 7 (14.3%) | 3 (4.2%) | 1 (3.7%) | 3 (5.4%) | 0.186 | 0.186 | |
| Ritchie test | 2 (4.1%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 | 1 (1.81%) | 0.600 | 0.864 | |
| Entamoeba hystolitica | 2 (4.1%) | 6 (8.4%) | 1 (3.7%) | 2 (3.6%) | 1 | 0.733 | |
| Giardia spp | 2 (4.1%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 | 5 (9.1%) | 0.438 | 0.236 | |
| Cryptosporidium spp | 0 | 2 (2.8%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.635 | |
| Clostridium difficile | 2 (4.1%) | 0 | 1 (3.7%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0.602 | 0.458 | |
| Strongyloides | 1 (2.0%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.8%) | 1 | 0.636 | |
| Malaria, prev. month | 7 (14.3%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 | 9 (16.4%) | 1 | < 0.001 | |
| Current malaria test | 2 (4.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 | 0 | – | 0.071 | |
| Malaria test severity | 3 (1.5; 3) | 4 (4; 4) | NA | NA | – | 0.071 | |
Differences in continuous variables were evaluated using ANOVA test (except for the time since HIV-1 diagnosis, which is evaluated using a Student T test). Differences in categorical variables were tested using the Fisher's test. The statistical significance threshold was set to P = 0.05
*Fiebig stage determination at screening visit is described in [30]. Malaria test was only performed in subjects reporting febrile symptoms. Malaria severity is measured in a scale of 1 to 5, from light to severe