Table 3.
Association of smell test scores with cognitive performance
| CERAD test | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Regression coefficient (95%CI) | p value | Regression coefficient (95%CI) | p value | |
| Verbal fluency n = 6783 |
Smell test score | 0.79 (0.65–0.92) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.28–0.56) | < 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | − 1.27 (−2.22 to −0.32) | 0.009 | − 1.42 (−2.35 to − 0.49) | 0.003 | |
| Age | − 0.14 (− 0.16 to − 0.12) | < 0.001 | − 0.12 (− 0.14 to − 0.10) | < 0.001 | |
| University education | 4.05 (3.54–4.57) | < 0.001 | 4.03 (3.54–4.55) | < 0.001 | |
| Female sex | 1.01 (0.54–1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.72–1.65) | < 0.001 | |
| Word list learning n = 2227 |
Smell test score | 1.19 (0.99–1.39) | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.13–0.50) | 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.64 (− 1.06–2.35) | 0.459 | − 0.86 (− 2.30–0.59) | 0.245 | |
| Age | − 0.30 (− 0.32 to − 0.28) | < 0.001 | − 0.28 (− 0.31 to − 0.26) | < 0.001 | |
| University education | 2.70 (1.88–3.52) | < 0.001 | 2.84 (2.13–3.55) | < 0.001 | |
| Female sex | 3.57 (2.80–4.33) | < 0.001 | 3.84 (3.17–4.51) | < 0.001 | |
| Word list recall n = 2227 |
Smell test score | 1.06 (0.86–1.27) | < 0.001 | 0.31 (0.12–0.51) | 0.002 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1.70 (− 0.02–3.43) | 0.053 | 0.38 (− 1.16–1.92) | 0.624 | |
| Age | − 0.26 (− 0.29 to − 0.24) | < 0.001 | − 0.25 (− 0.27 to − 0.22) | < 0.001 | |
| University education | 2.18 (1.34–3.01) | < 0.001 | 2.32 (1.56–3.08) | < 0.001 | |
| Female sex | 3.23 (2.45–4.01) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (2.66–4.09) | < 0.001 | |
| Trail Making Test A n = 6783 |
Smell test score | − 1.12 (− 1.24 to − 1.00) | < 0.001 | − 0.25 (− 0.36 to − 0.13) | < 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1.41 (0.53–2.28) | 0.002 | 2.23 (1.47–2.99) | < 0.001 | |
| Age | 0.37 (0.35–0.38) | < 0.001 | 0.36 (0.34–0.37) | < 0.001 | |
| University education | − 0.84 (− 1.32 to − 0.36) | < 0.001 | −0.78 (− 1.19 to − 0.36) | < 0.001 | |
| Female sex | −1.19 (− 1.62 to − 0.76) | < 0.001 | −1.01 (− 1.39 to − 0.63) | < 0.001 | |
| Trail Making Test B/A n = 6783 |
Smell test score | − 0.16 (− 0.21 to − 0.11) | < 0.001 | −0.01 (− 0.15 to − 0.04) | < 0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.42 (0.06–0.77) | 0.022 | 0.44 (0.09–0.80) | 0.015 | |
| Age | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | < 0.001 | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | < 0.001 | |
| University education | − 1.07 (− 1.27 to − 0.88) | < 0.001 | − 1.08 (− 1.28 to − 0.89) | < 0.001 | |
| Female sex | − 0.30 (− 0.47 to − 0.12) | 0.001 | − 0.36 (− 0.54 to − 0.12) | < 0.001 | |
values in italics are statistically significant