Table 3.

Overview of outcomes measures and instruments in studies that evaluated group visits in low-income and underserved settings

Variable	n	Instrument (if applicable)
Metabolic/Physical
A1C	14
Blood glucose	2
Blood pressure	9
Body mass index/body weight	7
BUN/creatinine/urine microalbumin	8
Heart rate	1
Lipid profile	12
Functional
Competence (orientation, cultural, healthcare)	3	Patient Care Assessment Tool[35]
DM knowledge/self-efficacy	3	Diabetes Empowerment Scale Short Form[53] Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire[54] Diabetes Knowledge Test[55]
Health status	3	Subdomains of the SF-36[56]
Locus of control	1	Diabetes-Specific Locus of Control[36]
Mental health/anxiety/depression	4	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale[57] Hmong-Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25[21] Short Form-12 (mental health)[58]
Quality of life	3	Short Form-12 Instrument[58] Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory[59]
Behavioral
Annual physical exam	1
Diabetes foot exam	7
Diabetes self-management	3	Stanford Self-Management Questionnaire[29] The Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure (revised scale)[60]
Guideline concordance	5	American Diabetes Association[61] US Preventive Task Force[62]
Influenza/pneumonia vaccine	4
Physical health/exercise	3	Modified Version of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)[63] Short Form-12 (physical health)[58]
Retinal exam	5
System-based
Access/barriers to care	3
Cost: emergency department, outpatient, inpatient visits	3
Emergency department visits	3
Feasibility/acceptability	4	Primary Care Assessment Tool[35] Trust in Physician Scale[37]
Patient satisfaction	2	Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care[64] Primary Care Assessment Tool[35]
Physician trust/communication	2	Trust in Physician Scale[37]