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. 2018 Dec 21;68(2):195–211. doi: 10.1538/expanim.18-0114

Table 1. Ethogram of behaviors (Lutz et al., 2003, Cannon et al., 2016, Baker et al., 2017) [3, 4, 24].

Behavior Definition
Stereotypic behaviors
Bob Rapid and repetitive up and down motion of the body on flexed limbs; animal does not leave the cage surface.
Bounce Repetitively using one’s hind legs or all four limbs to push oneself off the cage surface.
Flip Repeated forward or backward somersaults, may utilize the cage sides or celing.
Floating limb An arm or leg rises into the air and may or may not contact the body.
Hair pluck Removal of hair from one’s own body by pulling with teeth or hands, often seen with a quick jerking motion.
Pace Repetitive locomotion following the same path; for example, walking back and forth on the ground, around the enclosure.
Periorbital contact (saluting, eye poke) Animal holding hand, digit, and/or object against/near one’s eyebrow or eye.
Lick Prolonged or excessive contact of the tongue with a surface or object for no apparent reason.
Rock Any repetitive motion of the body from a stationary position. Animal remains sitting or standing, while the upper torso sways back and forth.
Self-oral Sucking a part of one’s own body.
Other abnormal behaviors
Self-injurious behavior Activities such as self-biting, head banging, injurious hair plucking, and self-injury with which can result in tissue trauma.
Feces paint Smearing and/or rubbing feces on a surface.
Affiliative behaviors
With peers Groom, rest in contact, social play, cling with peer animals, etc.
With human Present at the front of cage, extend a limb toward the observer.