Table 5.

The proposed molecular and cellular mechanism of cardioprotective effect of resveratrol in ex vivo studies.

Studies	Year	Dosage	Proposed mechanism
Yang et al. [14]	2016	10 μmol/L	Upregulation of VEGF-B signaling, attenuate oxidative stress (ROS, MnSOD)
Liao et al. [15]	2014	2.0 mg/kg d	Upregulation of VDAC1 signaling, inhibit mitochondria-mediated apoptosis (mPTP, caspase-3, cytochrome c)
Adam et al. [16]	2012	10 mmol/L	SIRT1-independent
Mukhopadhyay et al. [33]	2010	5 mg/kg/d	Regulation of miRNA expression (miR-21)
Lekli et al. [34]	2009	2.5 mg/kg/d	Regulation of autophagy
Das et al. [35]	2006	10 μmol/L	Activation of MAPK (ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK)/MSK1/CREB signaling, antiapoptosis
Ray et al. [36]	1999	10 μmol/L	Attenuate oxidative stress (MDA)