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. 2019 May 10;14(5):e0216148. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216148

Fig 23. Comparative graph showing divergence time estimations for the main clades of Colubroides in some of the main studies published in the last decade.

Fig 23

Numbers near symbols represent the following fossils (see S10 Table for more details): (1) Procerophis sahnii, 54 Mya; (2) Colubroidea Incertae sedis, 41.2 Mya; (3) Colubroidea indet, 37.2 Mya; (4) Renenutet enmerwer, 37 Mya; (5) Colubroidea indet, 35.2 Mya; (6) Nebraskophis sp, 34.2 Mya; (7) Colubrid indet, 34 Mya; (8) Vectophis wardi, 33.9 Mya; (9) Texasophis galbreathi, 32 Mya; (10) Coluber cadurci, 30.9 Mya; (11) Elapidae indet, 24.9 Mya; (12) Vipera cf. V. antiqua, Mya 22.1; (13) Elapidae indet, 16.5 Mya; (14) Natrix longivertebrata, 13.8 Mya; (15) Paleoheterodon tiheni, 12.5 Mya; (16) Sistrurus sp., 10.3 Mya; (17) Incongruelaps iteratus, 10 Mya. Letters represent the following contributions: (A) Burbrink and Pyron [132]; (B) Kelly et al. [22]; (C) Zheng and Wiens [26]; (D) Hsiang et al. (58); (E) Hsiang et al. (58); (F) Wuster et al. [133]; (G) Pyron and Burbrink [134]; (H) Alencar et al. [124]; (I) Vidal et al. [135].