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. 2019 Apr 2;30(5):682–696. doi: 10.1177/0956797619830329

Table 4.

Summary of the Five Most Negative and Five Most Positive Specifications With and Without the Inclusion of Control Variables

Outcome and predictor No controls
Controls
Difference in β
β r 2 β r 2
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
 < 1 hr weekend 0.063 .005 0.028 .001 76.8%
 < 2 hr weekend 0.078 .008 0.033 .002 80.2%
 Participation weekday 0.057 .004 0.020 .001 97.5%
 Self-reported −0.103 .011 0.012 .000 −200.0%
 Time spent weekday −0.111 .016 −0.040 .003 −94.7%
 Time spent weekend −0.060 .005 −0.006 .000 −163.4%
Well-being
 < 1 hr weekend 0.047 .002 0.006 .000 154.4%
 < 2 hr weekend 0.055 .003 0.007 .000 152.3%
Self-esteem −0.130 .017 −0.012 .000 −167.4%
Well-being −0.182 .033 −0.064 .005 −96.0%