Table 7.
Differences in Urinary Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ Excretion Among Mild‐ and Moderate‐Salinity Water Drinkers Compared With Fresh Water Drinker When Adjusted for Different Level of Confounders
| Urinary Cations | Drinking Water Electrical Conductivity (EC) Categories | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh Water (EC: 0 to <0.7 mS/cm) | Mild‐Salinity Water (EC: 0.7 to <2 mS/cm) (β, 95% CI) | Moderate‐SalinityWater (EC: 2.0–10 mS/cm) (β, 95% CI) | |
| Urinary Na+ | |||
| Model 1a | Reference | 4.6 (−1.4–10.5) | 16.6 (11.3–21.9) |
| Model 2b | Reference | 5.0 (−0.8–10.8) | 16.9 (11.6–22.1) |
| Model 3c | Reference | 4.8 (−1.0–10.7) | 16.7 (11.5–22.0) |
| Urinary K+ | |||
| Model 1a | Reference | 0.6 (−1.4–2.7) | 0.0 (−2.00–2.00) |
| Model 2b | Reference | 0.7 (−1.4–2.7) | 0.1 (−1.9–2.0) |
| Model 3c | Reference | 0.8 (−1.2–2.8) | 0.2 (−1.8–2.1) |
| Urinary Ca2+ | |||
| Model 1a | Reference | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) |
| Model 2b | Reference | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) |
| Model 3c | Reference | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) |
| Urinary Mg2+ | |||
| Model 1a | Reference | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) |
| Model 2b | Reference | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) |
| Model 3c | Reference | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) |
β refers to difference in mean urinary minerals between any water salinity and reference salinity group.
a
Unadjusted model.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index categories.
c
Additionally adjusted for physical activities and smoking status, household wealth, alcohol consumption, sleep hours, religion, and consumption of additional table salt with food.