Table 1.
Baseline Patient and Hospital Characteristics of IE in the Index Hospitalization
| Characteristics | Total | 30‐d Readmission | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| No. (weighted) | 45 214 | 33 997 | 11 217 | … |
| No. (unweighted) | 19 950 | 14 960 | 4990 | … |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 57 (42–71) | 57 (42–71) | 57 (41–71) | 0.78 |
| Aged ≥60 y, % | 45.7 | 45.8 | 45.5 | 0.8 |
| Aged <60 y, % | 54.3 | 54.2 | 54.5 | |
| LOS, median (IQR), d | 10 (6–17) | 9 (5–17) | 10 (6–18) | <0.001 |
| LOS ≥10 d, % | 50.4 | 49.3 | 53.8 | <0.001 |
| LOS <10 d, % | 49.6 | 50.7 | 46.2 | |
| Women, % | 38.3 | 37.7 | 40.1 | 0.01 |
| Weekend admission, % | 22.1 | 21.8 | 23.2 | 0.08 |
| Discharge location, % | ||||
| Routine (home or self‐care) | 30.8 | 32.9 | 24.7 | <0.001 |
| Home health care | 30.9 | 31.5 | 29.2 | |
| Transfer to SNF, ICF, or others | 29.1 | 27.7 | 33.3 | |
| Transfer to short‐term hospital | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.3 | |
| Against medical advice | 4.4 | 3.0 | 8.5 | |
| Primary expected payer, % | ||||
| Medicare | 44.1 | 43.0 | 47.3 | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 17.6 | 16.8 | 20.1 | |
| Self‐pay | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.0 | |
| No charge | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | |
| Private | 24.8 | 26.4 | 19.9 | |
| Other | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.4 | |
| Median household income, percentile, % | ||||
| 0–25th | 29.6 | 29 | 31.6 | 0.02 |
| 26th–50th | 25.3 | 25.3 | 25.3 | |
| 51st–75th | 22.8 | 23.1 | 22.0 | |
| 76th–100th | 22.2 | 22.6 | 21.2 | |
| Teaching status, % | ||||
| Teaching metropolitan | 59.2 | 58.9 | 60.0 | 0.28 |
| Nonteaching metropolitan | 33.9 | 34.1 | 33.6 | |
| Nonmetropolitan | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.4 | |
| Bed size, % | ||||
| Small | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 0.88 |
| Medium | 21.9 | 21.9 | 21.9 | |
| Large | 68.8 | 68.7 | 69.0 | |
| Bacteria, % | ||||
| Staphylococcus | 31.2 | 30.5 | 33.5 | <0.001 |
| Streptococcus | 36.6 | 37.7 | 33.2 | <0.001 |
| Gram‐negative bacteria | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 0.04 |
| Fungi | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.2 | 0.04 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||
| Hypertension | 51.6 | 50.9 | 53.8 | 0.003 |
| Smoking history | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.7 | 0.86 |
| Congestive heart failure | 30.2 | 28.5 | 35.5 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 24.2 | 23.1 | 27.5 | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 22.7 | 20.9 | 28.1 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 19.5 | 19.2 | 20.3 | 0.18 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 18.2 | 17.3 | 20.9 | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 16.1 | 15.7 | 17.4 | 0.02 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 13.1 | 12.6 | 14.6 | 0.002 |
| Depression | 11.2 | 10.7 | 12.7 | 0.002 |
| Obesity | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 0.13 |
| Hypothyroidism | 8.9 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 0.46 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 0.55 |
| Prior MI | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 0.2 |
| In‐hospital outcomes, % | ||||
| Acute renal failure | 21.5 | 20.7 | 24.0 | <0.001 |
| Valvular surgery | 20.7 | 21.6 | 18.0 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 12.7 | 12.4 | 13.7 | 0.05 |
| Acute CI/TIA | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 0.28 |
| Systemic embolism | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.74 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.28 |
| Pacemaker/ICD implantation | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.94 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.16 |
| Cardiac arrest | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.46 |
CI indicates cerebral infarction; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; ICF, intermediate‐care facility; IE, infective endocarditis; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of stay; MI, myocardial infarction; SNF, skilled nursing facility; TIA, transient ischemic attack.