Table 1.
Study Population
| Diagnostic Catheterization After OHT | Diagnostic Catheterization With PH | Device Closure of ASD | Transcatheter Closure of PDA | Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty | Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty | Coarctation Angioplasty | PA Angioplasty | TC‐PVR | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 15 053 | 5327 | 5424 | 1421 | 1980 | 949 | 144 | 4432 | 808 | |
| Hospitals, n | 34 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 34 | 38 | 38 | |
| Age, y | 11 (5–16) | 5 (1–13) | 6 (4–13) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–10) | 1 (0–9) | 3 (1–8.5) | 15 (11–22) | <0.0001 |
| Age >18 y | 11 (1714) | 9.8 (521) | 8.7 (471) | 1.1 (15) | 6.2 (122) | 3.6 (34) | 4 (6) | 6.5 (294) | 34 (278) | |
| Female sex | 46 (6966) | 52 (2780) | 62 (3431) | 61 (881) | 49 (962) | 28 (265) | 43 (62) | 46 (2060) | 40 (320) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||||||||
| White | 70 (10 540) | 66 (3509) | 64 (3464) | 54 (763) | 68 (1337) | 78 (742) | 62 (89) | 66 (2940) | 70 (565) | |
| Black | 17 (2525) | 13 (669) | 8 (423) | 15 (206) | 9 (178) | 3 (31) | 19 (28) | 13 (578) | 10 (77) | |
| Asian | 2 (272) | 5 (259) | 4 (195) | 3 (49) | 3 (51) | 2 (16) | 2 (3) | 4 (175) | 4 (29) | |
| Other or >1 | 10 (1448) | 13 (713) | 18 (972) | 21 (304) | 16 (316) | 12 (117) | 13 (18) | 13 (564) | 11 (92) | |
| Not known/missing | 2 (268) | 3 (177) | 7 (370) | 7 (99) | 5 (98) | 5 (43) | 4 (6) | 4 (175) | 5 (42) | |
| Payer | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Private insurance | 42 (6324) | 43 (2267) | 47 (2569) | 39 (558) | 44 (871) | 49 (464) | 42 (61) | 43 (1924) | 49 (398) | |
| Medicaid | 38 (5690) | 36 (1934) | 34 (1821) | 45 (643) | 38 (755) | 31 (292) | 40 (57) | 36 (1607) | 29 (231) | |
| Other governmental insurance | 5 (799) | 6 (336) | 8 (418) | 8 (107) | 7 (137) | 6 (57) | 10 (14) | 6 (256) | 11 (86) | |
| Other source | 15 (2240) | 15 (2240) | 11 (616) | 8 (113) | 11 (217) | 14 (136) | 8 (12) | 15 (645) | 11 (90) | |
| Preprocedural conditions | ||||||||||
| Gastrointestinal | 6.2 (933) | 17.8 (947) | 1.5 (79) | 6.1 (86) | 2.0 (40) | 1.3 (12) | 6.9 (10) | 9.0 (399) | 4.0 (32) | <0.001 |
| Hematological | 8.2 (1240) | 5.6 (299) | 1.1 (57) | 1.8 (26) | 1.3 (26) | 1.8 (17) | 22.9 (33) | 7.2 (319) | 8.2 (66) | <0.001 |
| Neuromuscular | 2.4 (355) | 5.3 (282) | 1.9 (102) | 4.2 (60) | 0.7 (13) | 1.1 (10) | 4.2 (6) | 2.7 (120) | 2.5 (20) | <0.001 |
| Renal | 6.3 (945) | 3.4 (181) | 0.7 (36) | 2.0 (28) | 1.7 (33) | 1.9 (18) | 0.7 (1) | 2.2 (99) | 1.7 (14) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory | 1.5 (228) | 10.4 (556) | 0.7 (38) | 5.5 (78) | 0.7 (13) | 1.6 (18) | 5.6 (8) | 3.2 (146) | 1.4 (11) | <0.001 |
| Other noncardiac anatomical anomaly | 1.3 (192) | 5.5 (291) | 1.8 (99) | 2.1 (31) | 1.4 (28) | 1.2 (11) | 4.2 (6) | 2.5 (111) | 3.7 (30) | <0.001 |
| Genetic syndrome | 2 (249) | 18 (934) | 5 (284) | 8 (109) | 6 (116) | 3 (28) | 6 (9) | 10 (429) | 8 (64) | <0.001 |
| Prematurity | 0.0 (1) | 2.0 (108) | 0.1 (6) | 15.2 (216) | 2.0 (39) | 1.4 (13) | 0.7 (1) | 0.3 (11) | 0.1 (1) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or as % (n). ASD indicates atrial septal defect; OHT, orthotopic heart transplantation; PA, pulmonary artery; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PH, pulmonary hypertension; TC‐PVR, transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement.