Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics for Early Versus Delayed DTT Initiation
| Variable | Early DTT (n=286) | Delayed DTT (n=284) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age (IQR), y | 63.5 (55‐72) | 63 (52‐73) | 0.37 |
| Male sex (%) | 225 (78.7) | 210 (73.9) | 0.18 |
| Cardiac arrest characteristics | |||
| Shockable rhythm (%) | 206 (72.8) | 179 (63.3) | 0.02 |
| Bystander witness (%) | 209 (73.1) | 200 (70.4) | 0.48 |
| EMS witness (%) | 0 | 0 | ··· |
| Bystander CPR (%) | 196 (68.5) | 184 (64.8) | 0.34 |
| Public location (%) | 97 (34.0) | 94 (33.1) | 0.81 |
| Time from 911 call to EMS arrival (IQR), min | 6.3 (5.2‐7.8) | 6.4 (5.3‐7.7) | 0.23 |
| Time from EMS CPR to ROSC (IQR), min | 13.0 (8.5‐18.0) | 15.0 (10.0‐18.7) | 0.05 |
| Emergency department arrival status | |||
| ROSC present (%) | 270 (94.4) | 264 (93.0) | 0.55 |
| First ED temperature (IQR), °C | 35.8 (34.9‐36.4) | 35.7 (34.8‐36.4) | 0.33 |
| Initial pH within 24 hours | 7.22 (7.11‐7.29) | 7.20 (7.08‐7.29) | 0.34 |
| Methods of TTM | |||
| External TTM (%)a | 285 (99.7) | 283 (99.7) | 1.0 |
| Cooling blankets (%) | 225 (78.7) | 207 (72.9) | ··· |
| Ice packs (%) | 157 (54.9) | 98 (34.5) | ··· |
| Adhesive pads (%) | 1 (0.35) | 0 | ··· |
| Cooling pads (%) | 39 (13.6) | 40 (14.1) | ··· |
| Other (%) | 9 (3.2) | 17 (6.0) | ··· |
| Internal TTM (%) | 21 (7.3) | 22 (7.8) | 0.86 |
| Endovascular methods (%) | 0 | 0 | ··· |
| Intranasal methods (%) | 0 | 0 | ··· |
| Cold IV fluids (%) | 20 (7.0) | 20 (7.0) | ··· |
| Other | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.7) | ··· |
| DTT (IQR), min | 35.0 (20.0‐81.0) | 218.0 (167.0‐318.5) | <0.01 |
CPR indicates cardiopulmonary resuscitation; DTT, door‐to‐TTM time; ED, emergency department; EMS, emergency medical services; IQR, interquartile range; IV, intravenous; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; TTM, targeted temperature management.
a
Multiple modalities of TTM were used for the majority of patients.