Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Amblyopia | Never Amblyopic but Treated for Strabismus, Anisometropia, or Botha | Control | |
| No. of children | 60 | 30 | 20 |
| Self-perception | 60 | 30 | 20 |
| Vision | 60 | 30 | 20 |
| Motor skills | 33 | NA | NA |
| Female sex | 28 (47) | 16 (53) | 11 (55) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 40 (67) | 16 (53) | 14 (70) |
| Hispanic white | 11 (18) | 7 (23) | 2 (10) |
| African American | 4 (7) | 3 (10) | 2 (10) |
| Asian | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 |
| Middle Eastern | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 |
| >1 Race/ethnicity | 3 (5) | 3 (10) | 1 (5) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 6.3 (1.3) | 5.9 (1.3) | 6.1 (1.1) |
| Associated eye conditions | |||
| Strabismus | 22 (37) | 19 (63) | NA |
| Anisometropia | 17 (28) | 6 (20) | NA |
| Combined | 21 (35) | 5 (17) | NA |
| Amblyopic eye visual acuity, logMARb | |||
| ≤0.1 | 0 | 30 (100) | 20 (100) |
| 0.2-0.3 | 22 (37) | 0 | 0 |
| 0.4-0.5 | 21 (35) | 0 | 0 |
| 0.6-0.7 | 5 (8) | 0 | 0 |
| >0.7 | 12 (20) | 0 | 0 |
| Mean (SD) [range] | 0.49 (0.27) [0.2 to 1.4] |
0.04 (0.07) [−0.1 to 0.2] |
−0.01 (0.07) [−0.1 to 0.2] |
| Fellow eye visual acuity, logMAR (Snellen equivalent)c | |||
| −0.1 (20/16) | 12 (20) | 5 (17) | 11 (55) |
| 0.0 (20/20) | 27 (45) | 18 (60) | 8 (40) |
| 0.1 (20/25) | 21 (35) | 7 (23) | 1 (5) |
| Mean (SD) [range] | |||
| logMAR | 0.01 (0.07) [−0.1 to 0.1] |
0.01 (0.06) [−0.1 to 0.1] |
−0.05 (0.06) [−0.1 to 0.1] |
| Snellen equivalent | 20/20 [20/16 to 20/25] |
20/20 [20/16 to 20/25] |
20/20 [20/16 to 20/25] |
| Stereoacuity, mean (SD) [range], log arcsec d | 3.75 (0.58) [1.8 to nil] |
3.33 (0.83) [1.8 to nil] |
1.83 (0.33) [1.6 to 2.3] |
| Amblyopia treatment | |||
| Current spectacle wear | 58 (97) | 20 (67) | NA |
| History of spectacle wear | 59 (98) | 24 (80) | NA |
| Current patching | 27 (45) | NA | NA |
| History of patching | 46 (77) | NA | NA |
| Current atropine or optical penalization | NA | NA | NA |
| History of atropine or optical penalization | 4 (7) | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; NA, not applicable.
a
Children without amblyopia but with strabismus and/or anisometropia had no history of amblyopia and had no prior amblyopia treatment.
b
Best-corrected visual acuity of the amblyopic eye or, for participants without amblyopia and for controls, BCVA of the eye with worse visual acuity.
c
Best-corrected visual acuity of the fellow eye or, for participants without amblyopia and for controls, BCVA of the eye with better visual acuity.
d
Nil stereoacuity was assigned a value of 4.0 log arcsec.