Table 1.
Participant Characteristics According to Baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Score
| Adjusted MoCA Score |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All, N=310 | <25, n=220 | 25–31, n=90 | P-Value |
| Baseline demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean±standard deviation (range) | 59.2 ± 7.4 (55–80) | 58.9 ± 8.2 (55–80) | 59.9 ± 4.9 (55–73) | .19 |
| Race | ||||
| Nonwhite | 233 (75.2) | 177 (80.5) | 56 (62.2) | <.001 |
| White | 77 (24.8) | 43 (19.5) | 34 (37.8) | |
| Education < high school | 94 (30.3) | 72 (32.7) | 22 (24.4) | .15 |
| Income < $15,000 | 259 (84.9) | 184 (85.2) | 75 (84.3) | .84 |
| Veteran, served in armed forces | 69 (22.4) | 44 (20.1) | 25 (28.1) | .13 |
| Veteran, saw combat | 28 (9) | 21 (9.5) | 7 (7.8) | .62 |
| Homeless1 | 146 (47.3) | 103 (47) | 43 (47.8) | .90 |
| Self-rated health poor or fair2 | 155 (50) | 118 (53.6) | 37 (41.1) | .04 |
| Chronic health conditions | ||||
| Hypertension | 196 (63.2) | 147 (66.8) | 49 (54.4) | .04 |
| Diabetes | 52 (16.8) | 38 (17.4) | 14 (15.6) | .70 |
| Cancer (excluding minor skin cancer) | 20 (6.5) | 12 (5.5) | 8 (8.9) | .26 |
| Chronic lung disease | 48 (15.7) | 32 (14.8) | 16 (17.8) | .52 |
| Heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, congestive heart disease | 55 (17.8) | 37 (16.9) | 18 (20) | .52 |
| Stroke | 28 (9.1) | 21 (9.6) | 7 (7.8) | .61 |
| Arthritis or rheumatism | 143 (46.3) | 102 (46.6) | 41 (45.6) | .87 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 18 (5.8) | 13 (5.9) | 5 (5.6) | .91 |
| Hepatitis C | 150 (48.7) | 111 (50.9) | 39 (43.3) | .23 |
| Geriatric donditions | ||||
| Multimorbidity3 | 198 (63.9) | 141 (64.1) | 57 (63.3) | .90 |
| Recent fall4 | 93 (30) | 68 (30.9) | 25 (27.8) | .58 |
| Urinary incontinence5 | 78 (25.4) | 56 (25.7) | 22 (24.7) | .86 |
| Mobility impairment 6 | 113 (36.5) | 82 (37.3) | 31 (34.4) | .64 |
| Functional impairment7 | 158 (51) | 110 (50) | 48 (53.3) | .59 |
| Serious mental illness8 | 138 (44.5) | 99 (45) | 39 (43.3) | .79 |
| Behavioral health problems | ||||
| Problem alcohol use9 | 132 (42.7) | 95 (43.4) | 37 (41.1) | .71 |
| Recent drug use10 | 156 (51) | 106 (48.9) | 50 (56.2) | .24 |
Spending ≥ 1 nights on the street or in a homeless shelter in the 30 days before incarceration.
Response of “poor” or “fair” to the question: “In general, would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?”
≥2 of the above-listed chronic medical conditions.
Self-report of a fall in the last month.
Response of “yes” to the question: “In the last month, have you lost any urine beyond your control?”
Requiring a mobility assistive device (cane, walker, wheelchair).
Self-report of difficulty with ≥1 activities of daily living (dressing, bathing, eating, transferring, toileting).
Any major depressive, mania, or psychotic disorder using the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ definition.
Positive screen for “hazardous drinking” or having an “active alcohol use disorder” using the 3-item Modified Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.
Any “moderate,” “substantial,” or “severe” drug use using the Drug Abuse Screening Test-10.