Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Year | Study period (month/year) | Country | Hospital type | Hospital city | City population (n) | Hospital county | Study population (n) | Quality score (n/25) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adesunkanmi and Faleyimu10 | 2003 | 1/1989–12/1993 | Nigeria | Academic | Ilesa | 647,500 | Osun | 701 | 13 |
| Ali11 | 1995 | 6/1992–9/1993 | Ethiopia | Academic | Jimma | 207,573 | Jimma | 100 | 12 |
| Amenu et al12 | 2011 | 4/2009–3/2010 | Ethiopia | Academic | Jimma | 207,573 | Jimma | 580 | 10 |
| Ansaloni et al13 | 2001 | 3/1997–7/1997 | Kenya | Rural | Kiambu | 88,869 | Kiambu | 160 | 13 |
| Björklund et al14 | 2005 | 7/2001–1/2003 | Uganda | Urban tertiary | Kampala | 1,659,600 | Kampala | 1,526 | 16 |
| Brisibe et al15 | 2015 | NA | Nigeria | Academic | Port Harcourt | 2,000,000 | Rivers | 711 | 4 |
| Bukar et al16 | 2009 | 1/2001–12/2003 | Nigeria | Federal | Gombe | 2,353,000 | Gombe | 250 | 11 |
| Chilopora et al17 | 2007 | 10/2005–12/2005 | Malawi | Multicenter | NA | NA | NA | 1,754 | 13 |
| Chu et al18 | 2015 | 8/2010–1/2011 | Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone | Multicenter | Masisi, Lubutu, Kabezi, Bo | NA | North Kivu Province, Maniema, Bujumbura, Southern Province | 1,276 | 15 |
| de Nardo et al19 | 2016 | 8/2013–11/2013 | Tanzania | NA | Dodoma | 410,956 | Dodoma | 467 | 11 |
| Ezechi et al20 | 2009 | 1/2004–8/2008 | Nigeria | Urban | Lagos | 16,060,303 | Lagos | 817 | 7 |
| Fesseha et al21 | 2011 | 1/2008–12/2008 | Ethiopia | Mixed | NA | NA | NA | 267 | 12 |
| Harfouche et al22 | 2015 | 1/2010–6/2010 | Malawi | District | Lilongwe | 1,077,116 | Central Region | 513 | 11 |
| Jido and Garba23 | 2012 | 1/2001–12/2002 | Nigeria | Academic | Kano | 3,333,300 | Kano | 485 | 12 |
| Johnson and Buchmann24 | 2012 | 7/2010–8/2010 | South Africa | Academic | Johannesburg | 4,434,817 | Gauteng | 272 | 8 |
| Koigi-Kamau et al25 | 2005 | 1/2001–4/2001 | Kenya | District | Kiambu | 88,869 | Kiambu | 153 | 7 |
| Moodliar et al26 | 2007 | 11/2003–1/2004 | South Africa | Academic | Durban | 3,442,361 | KwaZulu-Natal | 737 | 13 |
| Moran et al27 | 1999 | NA | Ghana | Rural | Techiman | 104,212 | Brong Ahafo | 100 | 10 |
| Morhason-Bello et al28 | 2009 | 7/2004–9/2004 | Nigeria | Academic | Ibadan | 3,034,200 | Oyo | 74 | 7 |
| Mpogoro et al29 | 2014 | 10/2011–2/2012 | Tanzania | Academic | Mwanza | 2,772,509 | Mwanza | 345 | 15 |
| Ojiyi et al30 | 2012 | 6/2004–5/2008 | Nigeria | Academic | Orlu | 420,000 | Imo | 385 | 10 |
| Rabiu et al31 | 2011 | 1/2008–12/2009 | Nigeria | Academic | Lagos | 16,060,303 | Lagos | 347 | 9 |
| Saxer et al32 | 2009 | 12/2003–3/2004 | Tanzania | District | Ifakara | 99,000 | Morogoro | 803 | 8 |
| Sekirime and Lule33 | 2008 | NA | Uganda | Academic | Kampala | 1,659,600 | Kampala | 500 | 11 |
| van Bogaert and Misra34 | 2009 | NA | South Africa | Public | Glen Cowie | 7,966 | Limpopo | 692 | 6 |
| Zvandasara et al35 | 2007 | 6/2006–8/2006 | Kenya | Academic | Harare | 1,619,000 | Harare | 546 | 12 |
Abbreviation: NA, not available.