1. Summary of participant conditions.

Participant condition	Study ID
Admission to an ICU with any condition (which included trauma, sepsis, ARDS, head injury)	Finfer 2004; Myburgh 2012
Trauma (includes studies of 'any trauma admissions', and head, chest, and abdominal injuries, and trauma with haemorrhagic or hypovolaemic shock)	Annane 2013*; Alpar 2004; Baker 2009; Bulger 2008; Bulger 2010; Bulger 2011; Evans 1996; Grba‐Bujevic 2012; James 2011; Lowe 1977; Lucas 1978; Masoumi 2016; Mattox 1991; Morrison 2011; Shah 1977; Vassar 1990; Vassar 1991; Vassar 1993a; Vassar 1993b; Wu 2001
Sepsis or septic shock	Annane 2013*; Brunkhorst 2008; Caironi 2014; Dubin 2010; Ernest 1999; Guidet 2012; Jie 2015; Li 2008; Lu 2012; Mahrous 2013; McIntyre 2008; McIntyre 2012; Modig 1986; Oliveira 2002; Park 2015 (cancer with sepsis); Perner 2012; Rackow 1983*; Upadhyay 2005; Zhu 2011
Hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic shock, haemorrhagic shock	Annane 2013*; Chavez‐Negrete 1991; Nagy 1993; Rackow 1983*; Van der Heijden 2009; Younes 1992; Younes 1997; Younes 1998
Burns	Bechir 2013; Cooper 2006; Goodwin 1983; Hall 1978; Jelenko 1979; O'Mara 2005; Vlachou 2010
ALI, ARDS	Martin 2005; Quinlan 2004
Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage	Bentsen 2006
Dengue shock syndrome	Cifra 2003; Dung 1999; Wills 2005
Postcardiac arrest	Heradstveit 2010
Perforation peritonitis	Kumar 2017
Severe malaria	Maitland 2005
Severe febrile illness	Maitland 2011
Severe pulmonary insufficiency	Metildi 1984
Vascular leak syndrome (cancer patients)	Pockaj 1994
Cirrhosis and septic induced hypotension	Philips 2015
Severe acute pancreatitis	Du 2011; Zhao 2013

* included for more than one type of condition

ALI: acute lung injury
 ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome
 ICU: intensive care unit