Salem 2014

Methods	Study design: parallel‐group randomised controlled trial. Setting: single centre/Egypt. Dates when study was conducted: August 2011 to July 2012.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: solitary radiopaque renal stones (10 to 20 mm). Exclusion criteria: multiple stones, moderate or severe hydronephrosis, active infection, coagulopathy, stone size < 10 mm or > 20 mm, bilateral renal stones, radiolucent stones, anatomical abnormality in the ureter or ureteropelvic junction, cardiac pacemaker and uremia. Diagnostic criteria: US, KUB and/or excretory urography. Total number of participants randomly assigned: 60. Group A (Slow SWL) Number of participants randomly assigned: 30. Age (mean): 5.35 ± 3.67. Gender (M/F): 20/10. Group B (Fast SWL) Number of participants randomly assigned: 30. Age (mean): 6.67 ± 2.94. Gender (M/F): 18/12.
Interventions	Group A (n = 30): SWL at 80 shock waves per minute. Group B (n = 30): SWL at 120 shock waves per minute. Co‐interventions: diclofenac paediatric suppository was prescribed as analgesia on discharge home.
Outcomes	Stone clearance How measured: measured as no residual fragment or only one clinically insignificant fragment <3mm (which was non‐symptomatic, non‐infectious and non‐obstructive) on KUB and US. Time points measured: at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Time points reported: at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Subgroup: none. Secondary procedures How measured: not reported. Time points measured: not reported. Time points reported: not reported. Subgroup: none.
Notes	Funding Sources: not stated Declaration of interests: not stated
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote from publication: 'Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic and were prospectively randomised (envelope method) into 2 groups.' Randomisation sequence generation not described.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Envelope method used. Unclear whether envelopes were sequentially numbered and opaque.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Subjective outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Objective outcomes	Low risk	Objective outcomes are not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Stone free rate	Low risk	All randomised participants were included in the analysis.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Serious adverse events or complications of treatment	Low risk	All randomised participants were included in the analysis.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Secondary procedures	Low risk	All randomised participants were included in the analysis.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Hospital stay	Unclear risk	No information given.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Pain	Unclear risk	No information given.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Prespeicified outcomes were fully described, but no published protocol available.
Other bias	High risk	Stone component and stone size were different between the groups.