Comparison 1. GABA AGONIST DRUGS versus PLACEBO.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Tardive dyskinesia: 1. Not improved to a clinically important extent ‐ medium term	6	258	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.74, 0.92]
1.1 baclofen	2	64	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.70, 1.13]
1.2 progabide	1	13	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.36, 1.25]
1.3 sodium valproate	2	141	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.76, 0.96]
1.4 gamma‐aminobutyric acid	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.45, 0.98]
2 Tardive dyskinesia: 2. Not any improvement	8	271	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.60, 0.86]
2.1 baclofen ‐ short term	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.22, 4.56]
2.2 baclofen ‐ medium term	1	33	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.27, 3.84]
2.3 progabide ‐ medium term	1	13	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.05, 21.67]
2.4 sodium valproate ‐ short term	1	32	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.32, 0.83]
2.5 sodium valproate ‐ medium term	2	141	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.71, 1.01]
2.6 THIP ‐ short term	1	2	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.03, 4.19]
2.7 gamma‐aminobutyric acid ‐ medium term	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.16, 0.80]
3 Tardive dyskinesia: 3. Average endpoint scores (different scales, high score = poor, data skewed)			Other data	No numeric data
4 Tardive dyskinesia: 4. Average change scores (different scales, high score = poor, data skewed)			Other data	No numeric data
5 Tardive dyskinesia: 5. Deterioration of symptoms	5	136	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.90 [0.70, 5.16]
5.1 baclofen ‐ short term	2	28	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.45 [0.11, 53.25]
5.2 baclofen ‐ medium term	2	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.13, 4.30]
5.3 sodium valproate ‐ medium term	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.41 [0.77, 15.19]
6 Adverse effects	10		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 ataxia (baclofen, sodium valproate)	2	95	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.25 [0.36, 29.73]
6.2 dizzy/confused (baclofen, progabide)	3	62	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.54 [1.14, 18.11]
6.3 loss of muscle tone (baclofen)	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.15, 59.89]
6.4 nausea/vomiting (baclofen)	2	64	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.61 [0.79, 8.67]
6.5 restlessness/akathisia (baclofen, sodium valproate)	2	80	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.32, 3.49]
6.6 sedation/drowsiness (baclofen, sodium valporate)	4	144	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.29 [1.08, 4.86]
6.7 seizures (THIP)	1	2	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.24, 37.67]
6.8 Hypothension (Gamma‐ Aminobutyric acid, Sodium Valproate)	2	119	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.04 [0.33, 28.31]
6.9 Diarrhoea (Gamma‐ Aminobutyric acid)	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 69.52]
6.10 Leucocyte decrease (sodium valporate)	1	79	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.08 [0.13, 73.27]
6.11 Low platelet (sodium valporate)	1	79	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	17.43 [1.04, 291.96]
6.12 any ‐ baclofen	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Mental state: 1. Deterioration	6	121	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.65 [0.71, 9.86]
7.1 baclofen ‐ short term	2	28	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.09 [0.22, 74.78]
7.2 baclofen ‐ medium term	1	31	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 progabide ‐ medium term	1	13	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.82 [0.11, 30.27]
7.4 sodium valproate ‐ medium term	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.27 [0.22, 23.38]
7.5 THIP ‐ short term	1	2	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.24, 37.67]
8 Mental state: 2. Average endpoint score (BPRS, high score = poor)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 Gamma‐Aminobutyric acid ‐ medium term	1	40	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐3.29, 3.35]
9 Leaving the study early	6	218	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.47 [0.69, 3.15]
9.1 baclofen	3	63	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.07, 2.24]
9.2 progabide	1	13	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.05, 21.67]
9.3 sodium valproate	2	142	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.48 [0.93, 6.61]