Summary of findings 2. Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) versus multiple micronutrients (MMN).
| Lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) versus multiple micronutrients (MMN) | |||||
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Patient or population: pregnant women Settings: community Intervention: LNS Comparison: MMN | |||||
| Outcomes | Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | Number of participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | ||||
| MMN | LNS | ||||
| Gestational weight gain per week (from < 20 weeks gestation till the time of delivery) | One study found no difference in gestational weight gain per week between the two groups | — | 682 (1 study) |
⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | |
| Maternal anaemia at term or near term (haemoglobin (Hb) less than 110 g/L) | 69/291 | 88/266 | RR 1.40 (1.07 to 1.82) | 557 participants (1 study) |
⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea |
| Maternal mortality (measured at six weeks postpartum) | Not measured | ||||
| Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 150/1194 | 140/1210 | RR 0.92 (0.74 to 1.14) | 2404 participants (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb |
| Length at birth (in cm) | The mean length at birth in the control groups ranged from 47.6 cm to 49.7 cm | The mean length at birth in the intervention groups was, on average, 0.20 cm longer (0.02 shorter to 0.42 longer0 | — | 2567 participants (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb |
| Small‐for‐gestational age | 385/1190 | 371/1203 | RR 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 2393 participants (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb |
| Preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) | 139/1318 | 160/1312 | RR 1.15 (0.93 to 1.42) | 2393 participants (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb |
| *The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI) CI: Confidence interval; LNS: Lipid‐based nutrient supplements; MMN: Multiple micronutrients; RR: Risk ratio | |||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate quality: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low quality: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low quality: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | |||||
aDowngraded by one level (from high to moderate) due to study limitations (lack of blinding of participants and personnel in Adu‐Afarwuah 2015). bDowngraded by one level (from high to moderate) due to study limitations (high risk of attrition bias in Huybregts 2009 (C)).