Comparison 1. Lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) versus iron folic acid (IFA).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Gestational weight gain	2	3539	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [‐0.44, 1.36]
2 Maternal anaemia	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
3 Maternal mortality	3	5628	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.12, 2.41]
4 Adverse effects	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
5 Low birth weight (LBW)	3	4826	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.72, 1.05]
6 Weight at birth	3	5077	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	53.28 [28.22, 78.33]
7 Length at birth	3	4986	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.11, 0.36]
8 Small‐for‐gestational age (SGA)	3	4823	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.89, 0.99]
9 Preterm births	3	4924	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.80, 1.11]
10 Duration of gestation	3	5033	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.04, 0.32]
11 Miscarriage	2	4714	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.66, 1.14]
12 Stillbirth	3	5575	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.14 [0.52, 2.48]
13 Head circumference	2	4057	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.20 [0.20, 0.20]
14 Head circumference z score	3	4982	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.04, 0.18]
15 Mid‐upper‐arm circumference (MUAC)	2	4374	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.02, 0.26]
16 Newborn stunting	2	4166	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.71, 0.94]
17 Newborn underweight	2	4174	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.63, 1.13]
18 Neonatal death	3	7172	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.47, 1.10]
18.1 Early neonatal	3	5555	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.70 [0.45, 1.09]
18.2 Late neonatal	2	1617	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.14, 6.51]