TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study participants at baseline and during follow-ups (n = 202)
| Characteristics | Baseline in 2005 | Follow-up in 2013 | Follow-up in 2017 | P for trend |
| Sex (M/F) | 114/88 | 114/88 | 114/88 | − |
| Age (years) | 29.0 (27.0–32.0) | 37.0 (35.0–40.0) | 41.0 (39.0–44.0) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking (%) | 72 (35.6) | 77 (38.3) | 80 (39.6) | 0.412 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 73 (36.1) | 84 (41.8) | 51 (25.2) | 0.021 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 36 (17.8) | 50 (24.8) | 72 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.0) | 9 (4.5) | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.6 | 24.6 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 73.0 (68.0–78.0) | 72.0 (66.0–80.0) | 74.0 ± 10.8 | 0.821 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.7 ± 14.8 | 122.7 ± 19.9 | 124.7 ± 16.3 | 0.082 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.3 ± 10.6 | 82.1 ± 14.1 | 78.4 ± 11.1 | 0.929 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.75 ± 0.67 | 4.49 (4.23–4.71) | 4.56 (4.26–4.88) | 0.340 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.36 ± 0.69 | 4.30 ± 0.76 | 4.57 ± 0.79 | 0.013 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.20 (0.95–1.63) | 1.37 (0.95–2.07) | 1.36 (0.94–1.93) | 0.056 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.59 ± 0.44 | 2.37 ± 0.59 | 2.53 ± 0.68 | 0.313 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.10 (0.98–1.20) | 1.70 (1.43–1.87) | 1.20 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (μmol/l) | 0.38 (0.18–0.87) | 0.48 (0.21–0.97) | − | 0.190 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) | 12.3 (9.90–16.2) | 8.2 (5.9–11.2) | − | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein and homocysteine were not detected in 2017. Non-normally distributed variables are expressed as the median (interquartile range). All other values are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%).