Comparison 3. Proton pump inhibitors versus placebo or no prophylaxis.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Clinically important upper GI bleeding	3	237	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.18, 2.22]
1.1 Omeprazole vs placebo	1	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.07, 16.34]
1.2 Omeprazole vs no prophylaxis	1	80	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.13, 4.18]
1.3 Pantoprazole vs placebo	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.02, 4.66]
2 Nosocomial pneumonia	2	227	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.24 [0.77, 1.98]
2.1 Omeprazole vs placebo	1	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.67 [0.57, 4.86]
2.2 Omeprazole vs no prophylaxis	1	80	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.66, 1.84]
3 All‐cause mortality in ICU	3	258	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.60, 1.99]
3.1 Omeprazole vs placebo	2	178	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.20 [0.51, 2.83]
3.2 Omeprazole vs no prophylaxis	1	80	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.42, 2.29]
4 All‐cause mortality in hospital	1	150	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.08 [0.54, 2.13]
4.1 Omeprazole vs placebo	1	150	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.08 [0.54, 2.13]
5 Duration of ICU stay	2	227	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐1.63, 1.58]
5.1 Omeprazole vs placebo	1	147	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.90 [‐3.96, 2.16]
5.2 Omeprazole vs no prophylaxis	1	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐1.58, 2.18]
6 Duration of intubation	2	227	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [‐1.43, 2.15]
6.1 Omeprazole vs placebo	1	147	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.5 [‐2.72, 3.72]
6.2 Omeprazole vs no prophylaxis	1	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐1.85, 2.45]