Fang 2014.

Methods	Parallel‐group randomised controlled trial
Participants	Baseline characteristics Number randomised: 120 Number analysed: 120 Early onset drug treatment Age (years; mean (SD)): 47.62 (5.33) Number of participants (n): 40 Gender (male/female; n): 27/13 Late onset drug treatment Age (years; mean (SD)): 46.57 (5.71) Number of participants (n): 40 Gender (male/female; n): 26/14 Enteral nutrition Age (years; mean (SD)): 47.08 (5.26) Number of participants (n): 40 Gender (male/female; n): 28/12 Inclusion criteria: Open craniocerebral injury Brain contusion Skull fracture Subarachnoid haemorrhage Diffuse axonal injury Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 8 Exclusion criteria Peptic ulcer disease before admission Gastrointestinal ulcer before admission Coagulopathy or other severe comorbidity Baseline imbalances: no baseline difference in sex, age, BMI, and causes of brain injury
Interventions	Early‐onset drug treatment Dose (total/d): Duration of treatment (days): Route: IV or PO Intervention: omeprazole (80 mg/d) or lansoprazole (60 mg/d), plus sucralfate (4 g/d), starting 12 to 24 hours after admission Concomitant medications Late‐onset drug treatment Dose (total/d): Duration of treatment (days): Route: IV or PO Intervention: omeprazole (80 mg/d) or lansoprazole (60 mg/d), plus sucralfate (4 g/d), starting 48 to 72 hours after admission Concomitant medications Enteral nutrition Dose (total/d): Duration of treatment (days): Route: IV or NG tube Intervention: IV nutrition (within 24 hours of admission) and early enteral nutrition (12 to 24 hours after admission), no drug treatment Concomitant medications: ‐ Adherence to regimen: ‐ Duration of follow‐up: ‐ Duration of trial: May 2011 to May 2013
Outcomes	Outcomes sought in review and reported in trial Clinically important GI bleeding Outcomes sought in review and not reported in trial Ventilator‐associated pneumonia Duration of ICU stay All‐cause mortality Duration of intubation Participants requiring blood transfusion Units blood transfused Adverse events of interventions Outcomes reported in trial, but not used in review Gastric pH after treatment Peptic ulcer healing time
Notes	Setting: Department of Nursing, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China Source of funding: ‐ Conflicts of interest: ‐ Ethics approval: ‐ Informed consent: ‐ Clinical trials registration: ‐ Sample size calculation: ‐
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Comment: randomisation by random number tables
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: no information reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Comment: no information reported
Blinding (detection bias) Clinically important upper GI bleeding	Unclear risk	Comment: no definition of criteria used to diagnose upper GI bleeding as reported
Blinding (detection bias) Nosocomial pneumonia	Unclear risk	Comment: Study did not address this outcome
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Adverse reactions of interventions	Unclear risk	Comment: no information reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: All participants were observed and analysed after intervention
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Comment: All observed results were reported, including stress ulcer bleeding rate in group A; the correlation between gastric pH and ulcer healing time in group A; incidence of stress ulcer bleeding rate by different gastric pH and different blood sugar level in group C; clinical therapeutic effects
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: no other sources of bias suspected