Tabeefar 2012.

Methods	Parallel‐group randomised controlled trial
Participants	Baseline characteristics Number randomised: 27 participants Number analysed: 27 participants Pantoprazole I Age (years; mean (SD)): 47.0 (11.0) Number of participants (n): 11 Gender (male/female; n): 9/2 Pantoprazole II Age (years, mean (SD)): 39.7 (8.0) Number of participants (n): 8 Gender (male/female; n): 6/2 Ranitidine Age (years, mean (SD)): 50.4 (8.0) Number of participants (n): 8 Gender (male/female; n): 6/2 Inclusion criteria Non per oral patients Need of mechanical ventilation Presence of a nasogastric tube with a gastric position confirmed on abdominal radiography Baseline gastric juice with pH equal to or lower than 3.0 Presence of at least 1 risk factor other than ventilation for a gastroduodenal stress ulcer that would commonly indicate the SRMD prophylaxis Not receiving any H2‐blocker, proton pump inhibitor, or antacids for the last 2 days No enteral feeding during the study period Exclusion criteria Age < 18 years Patients with renal or hepatic failure Baseline imbalances: No statistical differences in age, sex, and basal pH and SOFA were found between treatment groups
Interventions	Pantoprazole I Dose (total/d): 80 mg Duration of treatment (days): 2 Route: IV Intervention: 40 mg every 12 hours for 48 hours (four doses) Concomitant medications: none Pantoprazole II Dose (total/d): 80 mg Duration of treatment (days): 2 Route: IV Intervention: 80 mg/day pantoprazole as continuous infusion for 48 hours Concomitant medications: none Ranitidine Dose (total/d): 150 mg Duration of treatment (days): 2 Route: IV Intervention: 150 mg ranitidine as 24 h continuous infusion for 48 hours Concomitant medications: none Adherence to regimen: ‐ Duration of trial: April 2010 to August 2011 Duration of follow‐up: 2 days
Outcomes	Outcomes sought in review and reported in trial ‐ Outcomes sought but not reported in trial Incidence of clinically important GI bleedingIncidence of VAP Duration of ICU stay All‐cause mortality in hospital Duration of intubation Adverse events of interventions Outcomes reported in trial but not used in review Plasma IL‐1 β concentration Intragastric pH
Notes	Setting: ICU, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Source of funding: ‐ Conflicts of interest: ‐ Ethics approval: Study protocol was approved by our institutional ethics committee Informed consent: Written consent form was obtained from each patient’s closest family member Clinical trials registration: This trial is registered in www.anzctr.org.au Sample size calculation: ‐ Additional notes:
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "Patients were randomly assigned to 3 study groups according to a computer‐generated table of random numbers"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: not enough information reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: insufficient information to allow judgement, but the outcome is unlikely to be influenced by performance bias
Blinding (detection bias) Clinically important upper GI bleeding	Unclear risk	Comment: Study did not address this outcome
Blinding (detection bias) Nosocomial pneumonia	Unclear risk	Comment: Study did not address this outcome
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Adverse reactions of interventions	Low risk	Comment: insufficient information to allow judgement, but the outcome is unlikely to be influenced by detection bias, provided it was a laboratory measurement.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: no incomplete outcome data suspected. All patients randomised at baseline were also included in the analyses
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Comment: All outcomes listed in the Methods section were also reported in the Results
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: no other sources of bias suspected