Comparison 2. Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) dose subgroups.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Exacerbations (oral corticosteroid)	2		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.58, 1.51]
1.1 Respimat 2.5 mcg	1		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.34, 1.26]
1.2 Respimat 5 mcg	1		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.95 [0.52, 1.76]
1.3 HandiHaler 18 mcg	1		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	1.78 [0.65, 4.88]
2 Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) total	4		Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.18, ‐0.05]
2.1 Respimat 2.5 mcg	2		Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	‐0.1 [‐0.22, 0.02]
2.2 Respimat 5 mcg	3		Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.22, ‐0.02]
2.3 HandiHaler 18 mcg	1		Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)	‐0.13 [‐0.28, 0.02]
3 Serious adverse events (SAEs) (all)	4		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.46, 1.59]
3.1 Respimat 2.5 mcg	2		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.36, 2.76]
3.2 Respimat 5 mcg	3		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.25, 2.03]
3.3 HandiHaler 18 mcg	1		Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.20, 5.09]