Neuner 2008a.

Methods	RCT
Participants	Rwandan and Somalian refugees living in the Navikale refugee settlement in Uganda. Participants who fulfilled DSM–IV criteria of PTSD (assessed with the PDS) and lived in 2 villages closest to the research base in the settlement were included
Interventions	Narrative exposure therapy (NET): 111 participants Monitoring group: 55 participants
Outcomes	PTSD symptoms
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "The list of participants was ordered randomly; the first 4 were consecutively assigned to the NET, TC, NET, and TC groups; and the fifth was assigned to the MG (monitoring) group. This procedure was repeated until all 277 participants were assigned"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information provided
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants were aware of their treatment allocation
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Interviewers were blind with respect to the particular treatment condition
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	More than 20% of participants abandoned the study prematurely Study endpoint: 50/111 missing from NET group; 52/111 missing from TC group
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Only 1 outcome measure tested
Therapist qualification	Unclear risk	Quote: "Nine refugees were trained as counsellors"
Treatment fidelity	Low risk	Quote: "Treatment adherence was monitored by case discussions in supervision meetings, by the direct observation of treatment sessions, and by a review of the testimonies and treatment protocols. No major deviation from the study protocol was noticed"
Therapist/investigator allegiance	High risk	Study authors were involved in treatment development
Other bias	Unclear risk	Sponsorship bias cannot be ruled out