1. Effect of intervention on primary outcome: interventions targeting patients compared to usual care.
| Observer‐based outcome measure ‐ Continous data | Meta‐analysis | |||||||
| Study | Intervention | Control | Outcome | N | SMD | SMD (95% CI) | I2 | |
| LeBlanc 2015a | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | OPTION | 96 | 0.93 (0.50 to 1.36) | 0.54 (‐0.13 to 1.22) | 84% | X |
| Maclachlan 2016 | Patient‐mediated intervention (educational meeting for patient) | Usual care | RIAS for patients (Patient activation and engagement) | 289 | ‐0.05 (‐0.28 to 0.18) | X | ||
| LeBlanc 2015b | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | OPTION (/100) | 19 | 1.23 (0.17 to 2.29) | x | ||
| Tai‐Seale 2016 | Patient‐mediated intervention (one‐page ASK handout) | Usual care | OPTION5 (/100) | 20 | 0.32 (‐0.56 to 1.21) | x | ||
| Observer‐based outcome measure ‐ Categorical data | Meta‐analysis | |||||||
| Study | Intervention | Control | Outcome | N | RD | RD (95% CI) | I2 | |
| No study | ||||||||
| Observer‐based outcome measure ‐ Qualitative statement | Meta‐analysis | |||||||
| Study | Intervention | Control | Outcome | Direct quote | ||||
| Hamann 2014 | Patient‐mediated intervention (question prompt sheet) | Usual care | Who made the decision in today's consultation | Intervention: Median (2) ‐ Range (1‐4); Control: Median (2) ‐ Range (1‐4) ‐ No difference | na | |||
| Haskard 2008 | Patient‐mediated intervention | Usual care | Physician informative and participatory | Unit of error analysis | na | |||
| Haskard 2008 | Patient‐mediated intervention | Usual care | Patient active | Unit of error analysis | na | |||
| Haskard 2008 | Patient‐mediated intervention | Usual care | Physician‐patient interaction | Unit of error analysis | na | |||
| Patient‐reported outcome measure ‐ Continous data | Meta‐analysis | |||||||
| Study | Intervention | Control | Outcome | N | SMD | SMD (95% CI) | I2 | |
| Deen 2012 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Patient Activation Measure (PAM) | 138 | ‐0.07 (‐0.40 to 0.26) | 0.28 (0.13 to 0.44) | 57% | |
| Deen 2012 | Patient‐mediated intervention (Patient Activation) | Usual care | Patient Activation Measure (PAM) | 142 | 0.09 (‐0.24 to 0.41) | X | ||
| Deen 2012 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid + Patient Activation) | Usual care | Patient Activation Measure (PAM) | 137 | 0.04 (‐0.29 to 0.38) | |||
| Maranda 2014 | Patient‐mediated intervention (patient activated intervention) | Usual care | Patient Activation Measure (PAM) | 132 | 0.12 (‐0.22 to 0.47) | x | ||
| Pickett 2012 | Patient‐mediated intervention (training for patients) | Usual care | Patient self‐advocacy (immediately after) | Pre: 428; Post: 342 | 0.20 (‐0.01 to 0.41) | x | ||
| Pickett 2012 | Patient‐mediated intervention (training for patients) | Usual care | Patient self‐advocacy (6 months after) | Pre: 428; Post: 318 | 0.02 (‐0.20 to 0.24) | |||
| van der Krieke 2013 | Patient‐mediated intervention (web‐based information and decision tool) | Usual care | COMRADE (communication) | 73 | 0.94 (0.46 to 1.43) | x | ||
| van Peperstraten 2010 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid + support call) | Usual care | Decision Evaluation scale | 252 | 0.53 (0.28 to 0.78) | x | ||
| Cooper 2011 | Patient‐mediated intervention | Usual care | Participatory Decision making (PDM) | 83 | 0.21 (‐0.22 to 0.64) | x | ||
| Perestelo‐Perez 2016 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Satisfaction with Decision making process (SDMP) | 153 | 0.50 (0.18 to 0.82) | X | ||
| Tai‐Seale 2016 | Patient‐mediated intervention (one‐page ASK handout) | Usual care | CollaboRATE (%) | 150 | 0.31 (‐0.01 to 0.63) | X | ||
| Almario 2016 | Patient‐mediated intervention (GI PROMIS) | Usual care | SDMQ‐9 | 303 | 0.02 (‐0.22 to 0.25) | X | ||
| Eggly 2017 | Patient‐mediated intervention (QPL‐only) | Usual care | Patient role in treatment decision | 59 | 0.05 (‐0.46 to 0.56) | x | ||
| Eggly 2017 | Patient‐mediated intervention (QPL‐plus‐Coach) | Usual care | Patient role in treatment decision | 55 | ‐0.14 (‐0.67 to 0.39) | |||
| Patient‐reported outcome measure ‐ Categorical data | Meta‐analysis | |||||||
| Study | Intervention | Control | Outcome | N | RD | RD (95% CI) | I2 | |
| Krist 2007 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid brochure) | Usual care | Modified Control Preference Scale | 237 | 0.00 (‐0.14 to 0.14) | ‐0.09 (‐0.19 to 0.01) | 48% | x |
| Krist 2007 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid web) | Usual care | Modified Control Preference Scale | 261 | ‐0.01 (‐0.14 to 0.13) | |||
| Landrey 2012 | Patient‐mediated intervention (mailed flyer) | Usual care | Modified Control Preference Scale | 152 | ‐0.03 (‐0.19 to 0.12) | x | ||
| Murray 2001 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Modified Control Preference Scale | 105 | ‐0.28 (‐0.44 to ‐0.12) | x | ||
| Sheridan 2014 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Shared decision | 114 | ‐0.17 (‐0.35 to 0.002) | x | ||
| Vestala 2013 | Patient‐mediated intervention (patient participation in nursing documentation) | Usual care | Modified Control Preference Scale | 39 | 0.00 (‐0.30 to 0.30) | x | ||
| Vodermaier 2009 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Modified Control Preference Scale | 107 | ‐0.01 (‐0.19 to 0.17) | x | ||
| Patient‐reported outcome measure ‐ Qualitative statement | Meta‐analysis | |||||||
| Study | Intervention | Control | Outcome | Direct quote | ||||
| Hamann 2014 | Patient‐mediated intervention (question prompt sheet) | Usual care | Who made the decision in today's consultation | Intervention: Median (3) ‐ Range (1‐5); Control: Median (3) ‐ Range (1‐5) ‐ No difference | na | |||
| van der Krieke 2013 | Patient‐mediated intervention (web‐based information and decision tool) | Usual care | COMRADE (confidence) | COMRADE confidence in decision: F(1.67) = 0.086. P=0.77. see also Table 3 | na | |||
| Vodermaier 2009 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Man‐Son‐Hing Instrument | No data | na | |||
| van Tol‐Geerdink 2016 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Patient participation | "At t2, 95% of the patients in the decision aid group indicated that they actually had been involved in the decision, compared to 83% in the usual care group (P = 0.002). As such, the decision aid had the expected effect on patient participation."Page 466 | na | |||
| Wolderslund 2017 | Patient‐mediated intervention (question prompt list) + other (digital audio recording) | Usual care | Involvement in decision making | "Intention‐to‐treat analyses of the participants’ perception of the consultation showed that on average, 4.5% more patients (range: 4.0‐5.5), regardless of intervention group, rated their satisfaction with the treatment, confidence in and relationship with the health professional, and involvement in decision making in the highest reply category compared with patients in the control group. This increase was significant (p = 0.001) except for decision making (p = 0.044)." Page 247 | na | |||
| Wolderslund 2017 | Other (digital audio recording) | Usual care | Involvement in decision making | "Intention‐to‐treat analyses of the participants’ perception of the consultation showed that on average, 4.5% more patients (range: 4.0‐5.5), regardless of intervention group, rated their satisfaction with the treatment, confidence in and relationship with the health professional, and involvement in decision making in the highest reply category compared with patients in the control group. This increase was significant (p = 0.001) except for decision making (p = 0.044)." Page 247 | na | |||
| Korteland 2017 | Patient‐mediated intervention (decision aid) | Usual care | Involvement in decision making | There was no difference between intervention and control group regarding those who "totally agree" that the doctor has involved them in the decision (37.3% vs 39.1%; fig 2) | na | |||
ASK: Ask Share Know; CI: confidence interval; COMRADE: Combined Outcome Measure for Risk communication And treatment Decision making Effectiveness; GI PROMIS: gastrointestinal Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; N: sample size; na: not applicable; OPTION: observing patient involvement; QPL: question prompt list; RD: risk difference; SDM: shared decision making; SMD: standardized mean difference.