12. Adverse events.
| Study ID | Type of adverse event/side effect ‐ lidocaine group | Type of adverse event/side effect ‐ control group | No adverse events/side effects detectable (statement) |
| Ahn 2015 | NA | NA | “Not one patient had a postoperative complication related to lidocaine infusion.” |
| Baral 2010 | Light headache (3), cardiac arrhythmias (0), perioral numbness (0), hypotension (0) | Cardiac arrhythmias (0), perioral numbness (0), hypotension (0) | NA |
| Bryson 2010 | Light‐headedness, tinnitus, dysgeusia, etc. (11) | Light‐headedness, tinnitus, dysgeusia, etc. (21) | NA |
| Cassuto 1985 | Light‐headedness (1) | Light‐headedness (1) | "No adverse reactions to lidocaine were observed." |
| Chen 2015 | NA | NA | NA |
| Choi SJ 2012 | Dizziness 24 hrs/ 48 hrs/ 72 hrs (1/1/1), itching 24 hrs/ 48 hrs/ 72 hrs (8/3/0), respiratory repression 24 hrs/ 48 hrs/ 72 hrs (0/0/0) |
Dizziness 24 hrs/ 48 hrs/ 72 hrs (3/2/1), itching 24 hrs/ 48 hrs/ 72 hrs (6/2/1), respiratory repression 24 hrs/ 48 hrs/ 72 hrs (0/0/0) |
NA |
| Choi GJ 2016 | NA | NA | “There were no adverse events related to the investigational procedure or systemic administration of lidocaine such as arrhythmia, perioral numbness, visual disturbance, metal taste, or light‐headedness.” |
| Choi KW 2016 | NA | NA | "In addition, none of the patients showed symptoms or signs associated with lidocaine toxicity during the perioperative period." |
| Cui 2010 | Drowsiness (0), metal taste (0), perioral numbness (0), visual disturbances (0) | Drowsiness (0), metal taste (0), perioral numbness (0), visual disturbances (0) | "No patient reported any side effect of lidocaine toxicity." |
| Dale 2016 | Severe bradycardia (1), perioral paraesthesia (1), restless legs (1) | Severe bradycardia (0), perioral paraesthesia (0), restless legs (0) | NA |
| De Oliveira 2012 | NA | NA | "We did not observe any potential cardiovascular or neurological side effects associated with the infusion of systemic lidocaine in our investigation." |
| De Oliveira 2014 | NA | NA | "We did not observe any potential cardiovascular or neurological side effects associated with the infusion of systemic lidocaine in our investigation." |
| Dewinter 2016 | NA | NA | “Both groups did not differ with respect to the incidence of other AEs. No patient receiving lidocaine reported subjective symptoms of local anesthetic systemic toxicity.” |
| El‐Tahan 2009 | Perioperative arrhythmia (0), light‐headedness (0), headache (0), perioral numbness (0), tunnel vision (0), seizures (0) | Perioperative arrhythmia (0), light‐headedness (0), headache (0), perioral numbness (0), tunnel vision (0), seizures (0) | "There were no reported serious side effects during the study." |
| Farag 2013 | Pneumonia (0), respiratory failure (0), cardiac arrest (0), arrhythmia (0), heart failure (0), stroke (0), intravascular coagulopathy (0), thromboembolism (0), delirium (0), monoplegia (0), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (0), sepsis (0), readmission (2) | Pneumonia (0), respiratory failure (0), cardiac arrest (0), arrhythmia (0), heart failure (0), stroke (0), intravascular coagulopathy (0), thromboembolism (0), delirium (0), monoplegia (1), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (0), sepsis (0), readmission (3) | NA |
| Grady 2012 | NA | NA | NA |
| Grigoras 2012 | NA | NA | "No side effects related to lidocaine were observed." |
| Groudine 1998 | NA | NA | "No patient experienced identifiable adverse events related to the lidocaine infusion." |
| Herroeder 2007 | NA | NA | NA |
| Insler 1995 | Death (1), myocardial infarction (0) | Death (1), myocardial infarction (0) | NA |
| Ismail 2008 | NA | NA | NA |
| Jain 2015 | Drowsiness (3) | Drowsiness (0) | “None of the patients complained of lignocaine‐related side effects such as perioral numbness or metallic taste. The incidence of light‐headedness and nausea was comparable in both the groups. Three patients in Group B demonstrated drowsiness in the postoperative period lasting between 10 and 17 mins.” |
| Kaba 2007 | NA | NA | NA |
| Kang 2011 | NA | NA | NA |
| Kasten 1986 | NA | NA | NA |
| Kim TH 2011 | NA | NA | "There was no adverse effect from intravenous lidocaine throughout the study." |
| Kim TH 2013 | NA | NA | "In our study, no neuropsychiatric events were observed throughout the process." |
| Kim HJ 2014 | NA | NA | “No specific complication or side effect regarding lidocaine or dexmedetomidine was reported.” |
| Kim HO 2014 | Hospital mortality (0) | Hospital mortality (0) | “There were no significant lidocaine‐related adverse events during our trial.” |
| Kim KT 2014 | NA | NA | “There were no side effects from the lidocaine, such as arrhythmia, hypotension, and hypersensitivity.” |
| Koppert 2004 | NA | NA | "No anaesthesiologist noted adverse events related to the lidocaine infusion during surgery. Furthermore, no patient after having regained consciousness complained of lidocaine‐related side effects such as perioral numbness or metallic taste. The incidences of drowsiness, light‐headedness, and nausea were comparable in the lidocaine and control groups." |
| Kuo 2006 | Bradycardia (3) | Bradycardia (0) | "No patient experienced an identifiable adverse event related to IV lidocaine infusion." |
| Lauwick 2008 | NA | NA | NA |
| Lauwick 2009 | Bleeding (1), sepsis (1), chest infection (1) | Bladder leakage (1) | NA |
| Lee 2011 | Atrial fibrillation (9), other arrhythmia (7), myocardial infarction (0), death (0) | Atrial fibrillation (5), other arrhythmia (10), myocardial infarction (0), death (0) | "All patients started on lidocaine completed their full course of drug and did not experience any adverse events related to the local anaesthetic, such as severe bradycardia (< 40 beats min‐1), asystole, or neurological symptoms." |
| Maquoi 2016 | NA | NA | NA |
| Martin 2008 | NA | NA | "No patient reported lidocaine toxicity side effects and no adverse events were reported in both groups" |
| Mathew 2009 | Serious adverse events (12.3%), no detailed description | Serious adverse events (10.2%), no detailed description | "Adverse events were not significantly different between treatment groups." |
| McKay 2009 | Dizziness and visual disturbances (1) | NA | "There were no serious adverse events recorded." |
| Mitchell 1999 | Death (1) | Death (1) | NA |
| Mitchell 2009 | Death due to multiorgan failure (3) and acute graft occlusion (1) | Death (0) | NA |
| Oliveira 2015 | NA | NA | NA |
| Omar 2013 | Hypotension (0) | Hypotension (0) | NA |
| Ortiz 2016 | NA | NA | "There was no arrhythmia or adverse effect occurrence." |
| Peng 2016 | Hypertension (3), coronary heart disease (0) | Hypertension (4), coronary heart disease (0) | “There were no seizures or other symptoms of potential lidocaine toxicity found in patients who received lidocaine infusion. There was no significant difference in the number of cases complicated by hypertension, tachycardia, dysphoria, or PONV between the normal saline group and the lidocaine group.” |
| Rimbäck 1990 | Sedation (2) | NA | "No adverse reactions to lidocaine were reported." |
| Saadawy 2010 | NA | NA | NA |
| Samimi 2015 | NA | NA | "...also none of the patients experienced lidocaine‐related adverse effects." |
| Slovack 2015 | Confusion (1), sedation (2), light‐headedness/dizziness (0), blurred vision (0), hypotension (0), respiratory depression (0), pruritus (0) | Confusion (0), sedation (0), light‐headedness/dizziness (0), blurred vision (1), hypotension (1), respiratory depression (0), pruritus (0) | NA |
| Soltani 2013 | NA | NA | NA |
| Sridhar 2015 | NA | NA | NA |
| Staikou 2014 | Transient confusion in PACU (1), bradycardia requiring treatment (0) | Transient confusion in PACU (0), bradycardia requiring treatment (0) | NA |
| Striebel 1992 | NA | NA | No signs of urticaria, dermatitis, asthma bronchiale, anaphylactic shock, restlessness, anxiety, lalopathy, tinnitus, metallic taste, dizziness, visual disturbance, and tremor. |
| Swenson 2010 | Wound infection (0), anaemia (1), anxiety (1), supraventricular tachycardia (3), back pain (0), bradycardia (0), confusion (2), decreased oxygen saturation level (1), dizziness/light‐headedness (1), fever (1), hyperglycaemia (3), hypertension (3), itching (3), lower extremity numbness (1), intravascular device infection (0), syncope (0), arrhythmia severe (1), confusion severe (1), facial numbness severe (1), shortness of breath (1) | Wound infection (1), anaemia (1), anxiety (0), supraventricular tachycardia (1), back pain (1), bradycardia (1), confusion (0), decreased oxygen saturation level (0), dizziness/light‐headedness (1), fever (1), hyperglycaemia (0), hypertension (0), itching (3), lower extremity numbness (6), intravascular device infection (1), syncope (1), arrhythmia severe (1), confusion severe (0), facial numbness severe (0), shortness of breath (0) | NA |
| Terkawi 2014 | NA | NA | "...no toxicity cases were reported in our cohort...." |
| Tikuisis 2014 | Light‐headedness (0), perioral numbness (0), metallic taste (0), dizziness (0), and visual disturbances (0) | NA | "Lidocaine‐associated haemodynamic changes such as severe hypotension, bradycardia, and arrhythmia were not observed in any lidocaine group patient during surgery." |
| Wallin 1987 | Drowsiness (2) | NA | "Aside from drowsiness in two patients of the lidocaine group, no side effects due to possible lidocaine overdosage were reported." |
| Wang 2002 | Death (2) | Death (4) | NA |
| Wang 2015 | NA | NA | NA |
| Weinberg 2016 | Pruritus (6), dizziness (14), visual disturbances (4), perioral numbness (2), muscle weakness (1), constipation (4) | Pruritus (9), dizziness (20), visual disturbances (6), perioral numbness (2), muscle weakness (3), constipation (10) | NA |
| Wongyingsinn 2011 | NA | NA | "No patients showed signs of lidocaine toxicity in the postoperative period." |
| Wu 2005 | NA | NA | "No patient experienced an identifiable adverse event related to the lidocaine infusion, except that an occasional arrhythmia with stable vital signs was noted in one patient in both groups." |
| Wuethrich 2012 | Light‐headedness (0), drowsiness (0), perioral numbness (0), visual disturbances (0), metal taste (0), pathological cardiac rhythm disturbances (0), and seizures (0) | NA | "No postoperative complications and no adverse events related to systemic administration of lidocaine were observed." |
| Xu 2017 | NA | NA | NA |
| Yang 2014 | Blurred vision (0), hearing problems (0), peripheral paraesthesia (0), dizziness (0), uncontrolled muscle contraction (0), convulsions (0), hypotension (0), bradycardia (0), headache (0), and itching (0) | NA | NA |
| Yardeni 2009 | NA | NA | NA |
| Yon 2014 | Shivering (0), tinnitus (0) | Shivering (1), tinnitus (0) | NA |
| Zengin 2015 | Pruritus (1) | Pruritus (4) | NA |
Acronyms and abbreviations used in this table:
AE = adverse events, IV = intravenous, NA = not available, PACU = postanaesthesia care unit, PONV = postoperative nausea and vomiting