. 2018 Jul 5;2018(7):CD012960. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012960.pub2

9. Results of cohort studies: body fat.

Study ID; mean age at baseline; analysis	Outcome		Outcome units	Time point (years)		Exposure	Exposure unit	Results of association (all reported values)	Direction;^a energy intake adjusted (yes/no)		Matched groups or adjusted for (or both)
Body fat at 1 year: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 411) in boys and girls aged 7 years
Schwandt 2011^b 6.8 years; regression	Body fat (skinfold thickness)		%	1		Total fat intake (single 7‐day weighed dietary record at baseline and 1 year)	g	n overall = 411, regression result. B = 0.011, SE 0.017, P < 0.05. After 1 year, for every 1 g increase in the total fat intake of children, body fat will increase by 0.01%.	+ No	Adjusted for age, gender and physical activity.
Body fat at > 1to 2 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 625) in boys and girls aged 5 years
Ambrosini 2016 5.2 years; regression	Body fat (DEXA)		kg	2		Energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre dietary pattern^c (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline and 2 years)	z‐score	n overall = 625, regression result. B = 0.28 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.53), P = 0.02. After 2 years, for every 1 unit increase in the dietary pattern z‐score of children, body fat will increase by 0.28 kg.	+ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for height at age 9 years, gender, misreporting status, maternal BMI, maternal education (5 categories), overweight status (by BMI) at baseline and television watching at 54 months.
Body fat at > 2to 5 years: 3 cohort studies; 6 analyses (n = 968) in boys and girls aged 2‐14 years
Cohen 2014 13.9 years; regression	Body fat (skinfold thickness, BIA)		%	3‐5		Total fat intake (single FFQ at baseline and once during follow‐up period)	%TE	n girls = 265, regression result. B = ‐0.005, SE 0, P = 0.03. After 3‐5 years, for every 1 % increase in energy intake from total fat of girls, body fat will decrease by 0.005%.	‐ No	Adjusted for age, ethnicity, protein calories, CHO calories, physical activity, physical inactivity and SES.
Ambrosini 2016 5.2 years; regression	Body fat (DEXA)		kg	4		Energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre dietary pattern^c (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline and 2 years)	z‐score	n overall = 483, regression result. B = 0.15 (95 % CI ‐0.15 to 0.45), P = 0.34. After 4 years, for every 1 unit increase in the dietary pattern z‐score of children, body fat will increase by 0.15 kg.	+ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for height at age 9 years, gender, misreporting status, maternal BMI, maternal education (5 categories), overweight status (by BMI) at baseline and television watching at 54 months.
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression		Body fat (DEXA)	%	4		Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day food record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, and yearly at 4 years)	NR	n overall = 53, regression result. B = 0.619, SE 0.261, P = 0.02, F‐test = 5.63, R² = 0.51, p = 0.0001, F‐test = 7.88. After 4 years, for every 1 unit increase in total fat intake of children, body fat will increase by 0.61%.	+ No	Adjusted for baseline BMI, parental BMI, gender, protein, calcium and monounsaturated fat.
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression		Body fat (DEXA)	g	4		Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day food record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, and yearly at 4 years)	NR	n overall = 53, regression result. B = 178.65, SE 70.06, P = 0.01, F‐test = 6.5, R² = 0.51, P = 0.0001, F‐test = 9.84. After 4 years, for every 1 unit increase in total fat intake of children, body fat will increase by 178 g.	+ No	Adjusted for baseline BMI, parental BMI, gender, protein, calcium and monounsaturated fat.
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression		Body fat (DEXA)	%	4		Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day food record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, and yearly at 4 years).	Number of servings	n overall = 53, regression result. B = 0.465, SE 0.255, P = 0.07, F‐test = 3.34. R² = 0.47, P = 0.0001, F‐test = 6.93. After 4 years, for every 1 unit increase in the number of fat servings, body fat will increase by 0.47%.	+ No	Adjusted for baseline BMI, parental BMI, gender, protein, calcium and monounsaturated fat.
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression		Body fat (DEXA)	g	4		Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day food record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, and yearly at 4 years).	Number of servings	n overall = 53, regression result. B = 136.48, SE 69.74, P = 0.06, F‐test = 3.83, R² = 0.47, p = 0.0001, F‐test = 8.31. After 4 years, for every 1 unit increase in the number of fat servings, body fat will increase by 136 g.	+ No	Adjusted for baseline BMI, parental BMI, gender, protein, calcium and monounsaturated fat.
Body fat at > 5to 10 years: 1 cohort study; 3 analyses (n = 156) in boys and girls aged 2 years
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression	Body fat (DEXA)		%		6	Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day food record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, every year during 4, 5 and 6 years).	g	n overall = 52, regression result. B = 0.08, partial R² = 0.06, P = 0.001, F‐test = 4.66, R² = 0.336, P = 0.002. After 6 years, for every 1 g increase in total fat intake of children, body fat will increase by 0.08%.	+ No	Adjusted for gender, sedentary activity, intakes of calcium and polyunsaturated fat.
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression	Body fat (DEXA)		%		6	Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day dietary record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, every year during 4, 5 and 6 years).	g	n overall = 52, regression result. B = 0.09, partial R² = 0.02, P = 0.001, F‐test = 4.37, R² = 0.322, P = 0.002. After 6 years, for every 1 g increase in total fat intake, body fat will increase by 0.09%.	+ No	Adjusted for gender, sedentary activity, calcium intake, and polyunsaturated fat intake and father's BMI.
Skinner 2004 2 years; regression	Body fat (DEXA)		kg		6	Longitudinal dietary fat (single 24‐hour dietary recall and 2‐day food record at baseline, every 3 months during 1 year, every 6 months during 2 and 3 years, every year during 4, 5 and 6 years)	g	N overall = 52, regression result. B = 0.034, partial R² = 0.06, P = 0.01, F‐test = 4.19, R² = 0.26, P = 0.006. After 6 years, for every 1 g increase in total fat intake of children, body fat will increase by 0.03 kg.	+ No	Adjusted for sedentary activity, calcium intake and polyunsaturated fat intake.

^aDirection refers to whether there was a positive (+: exposure and outcome moved in the same direction, inverse/negative (‐: exposure and outcome moved in opposite directions) or zero (0: no association between total fat intake and the outcome.

^bUnpublished data provided by study authors.

^c"Energy dense, high fat, low fibre" dietary pattern reflected high intakes of processed meat, chocolate and confectionery, low‐fibre bread, crisps and savoury snacks, fried and roasted potatoes, the high intake of these foods increase the individual's dietary pattern z‐score.

%TE: percentage of total energy; B: unstandardised beta‐coefficient; BIA: bioelectrical impedance, BMI: body mass index; CHO, carbohydrate; CI: confidence interval; DEXA: dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; n: number of participants; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; SES: socioeconomic status.