10. Results of cohort studies: fat mass index.

Study ID; mean age at baseline; analysis	Outcome	Outcome units	Time point (year)	Exposure	Exposure unit	Results of association (all reported values)	Direction;a energy intake adjusted (yes/no)	Matched groups or adjusted for (or both)
Fat mass index at > 2to 5 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 4002) in boys and girls aged 8 years
Ambrosini 2016 7.5 years; regression	Fat mass indexb	z‐score	4	Energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre dietary patternc (single 3‐day dietary records at baseline and 2 years)	z‐score	n overall = 4002, regression result. β = 0.07 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.10), P ≤ 0.0001. After 4 years, for every 1 z‐score increase in the dietary pattern, the fat mass index will increase by 0.07 z‐scores.	+ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for gender, age at dietary assessment, dietary misreporting, total physical activity at 11 years, maternal prepregnancy BMI and maternal education.
Fat mass index at > 5to 10 years: 1 cohort study; 5 analyses (n = 21,542) in boys and girls aged 8 years
Ambrosini 2016 7.5 years; regression	Fat mass indexb	z‐score	8	Energy‐dense, high‐fat, high‐sugar, low‐fibre dietary patternc (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline, 3 and 6 years)	z‐score	n overall = 4729, regression result. β = 0.04 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.08), P = 0.028. After 8 years, for every 1 z‐score increase in the dietary pattern, the fat mass index will increase by 0.04 z‐scores.	+ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for age, gender, dietary misreporting, physical activity and maternal social class.
Ambrosini 2016 7.5 years; regression	Fat mass indexb	z‐score	8	Non‐energy‐dense, high‐sugar, LF dietary patternd (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline, 3 and 6 years)	z‐score	n overall = 4729, regression result. β = ‐0.03 (95% CI ‐0.07 to 0.02), P = 0.22. After 8 years, for every 1 z‐score increase in the dietary pattern, the fat mass index will decrease by 0.03 z‐scores.	‐ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for age, gender, dietary misreporting, physical activity and maternal social class.
Ambrosini 2016 7.5 years; regression	Fat mass indexb	z‐score	8	Energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre dietary patternc (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline, 3 and 6 years)	z‐score	n overall = 2626, regression result. β = 0.06 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.10), P = 0.0004. After 8 years, for every 1 z‐score increase in the dietary pattern, the fat mass index will increase by 0.06 z‐scores.	+ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for gender, age at dietary assessment, dietary misreporting, total physical activity at 11 years, maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and maternal education.
Ambrosini 2016 7.5 years; regression	Fat mass indexb	FMI z‐score > 80th percentile; odds	8	Energy‐dense, high‐fat, high‐sugar, low‐fibre dietary patternc (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline, 3 and 6 years)	z‐score	n overall = 4729, regression result. OR 1.11 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.28), P = 0.14. After 8 years, the ratio of odds for having FMI z‐score > 80th percentile is 1.11 greater in children with higher dietary pattern z‐scores compared to the odds in children with lower dietary pattern z‐scores.	+ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for age, gender, dietary misreporting, physical activity and maternal social class.
Ambrosini 2016 7.5 years; regression	Fat mass indexb	FMI z‐score > 80th percentile; odds	8	Non‐energy‐dense, high‐sugar, LF dietary patternd (single 3‐day dietary record at baseline, 3 and 6 years)	z‐score	n overall = 4729, regression result. OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.09), P = 0.34. After 8 years, the ratio of odds for having FMI z‐score > 80th percentile is 0.92 smaller in children with higher dietary pattern z‐scores compared to the odds in children with lower dietary pattern z‐scores.	‐ NA; exposure includes energy intake	Adjusted for age, gender, dietary misreporting, physical activity and maternal social class.

^aDirection refers to whether there was a positive (+: exposure and outcome moved in the same direction), inverse/negative (‐: exposure and outcome moved in opposite directions) or zero (0: no association) between total fat intake and the outcome;

^bFMI was calculated by dividing fat mass (measured by dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry) (kg) by height (m) raised to the optimum power (calculated by using log‐log regression analysis) to remove any residual correlation between fat mass and height;

^c"Energy‐dense, high‐fat, low‐fibre" dietary pattern reflected high intakes of processed meat, chocolate and confectionery, low‐fibre bread, crisps and savoury snacks, fried and roasted potatoes, the high intake of these foods increase the individual’s dietary pattern z‐score.

^dNon‐energy‐dense, high‐sugar, low‐fat dietary pattern reflected higher intakes of sugary foods including sugar‐sweetened beverages, fruit juices, ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereals (low‐fibre breakfast cereals) and low intakes of whole milk, margarines and oils, cheese and crisps.

β: standardised beta‐coefficient; BMI: body mass index; FMI: Fat Mass Index ; n: number of participants; NA: not applicable; OR: odds ratio.