11. Results of cohort studies: sum of multiple skinfold thicknesses.

Study ID; mean age at baseline; analysis	Outcome	Outcome units	Time point (year)	Exposure	Exposure unit	Results of association (all reported values)	Direction;a energy intake adjusted (yes/no)	Matched groups or adjusted for (or both)
Sum of 4 skinfolds (BC, TC, SC, SI) at 1 year: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = NR) in boys and girls aged 6 years
Tershakovec 1998 (cohort) 6.2 years; mean end values per group	Sum of skinfolds (BC, TC, SS, SI)	mm	1	Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour recalls at baseline, 3 and 6 months and 1 year)	LF quintile (24%TE); HF quintile (34%TE)	n overall = NR (LF = NR, HF = NR), mean end values (95% CI). Baseline: LF = 24.7 (95% CI 23 to 26.5); HF = 28.8 (95% CI 26.1 to 31.8). At 1 year: (reported in the figure without exact values), LF = lower than baseline; HF = greater than baseline. After 1 year, the sum of skinfolds will decrease in children with a low‐fat intake, and increase in children with high‐fat intake	+ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Sum of 4 skinfolds (BC, TC, SC, SI) at > 1to 2 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 126) in boys and girls aged 2 years
Magarey 2001 2 years; mean end values per group	Sum of skinfolds (TC, BC, SS, SI)	mm	2	Total fat intake (single 3‐day weighed dietary record at baseline and 2 years)	LF < 30%TE; HF > 35%TE	n overall = 126 (LF = 14, HF = 112), mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 33.4 (6.8); HF = 32.8 (6.3). At 2 years: LF (n = 20) = 31 (9.2); HF (n = 76) = 31.4 (6.3); P > 0.05. After 2 years, the sum of skinfolds of children with LF intakes will decrease by 2.4 mm on average, and by 1.4 mm in children with HF intake.	+ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Sum of 4 skinfolds at > 2to 5 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n ˜ 126) in boys and girls aged 2 years
Magarey 2001 2 years; mean end values per group	Sum of skinfolds (TC, BC, SS, SI)	mm	4	Total fat intake (single 3‐day weighed dietary record at baseline, 2 and 4 years)	LF < 30%TE; HF > 35%TE	n overall = 126 (LF = 14, HF = 112), mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 33.4 (6.8); HF = 32.8 (6.3); P > 0.05. At 4 years: LF (n = 14) = 27.2 (8); HF (n = 88) = 29.2 (8.9); P > 0.05. After 4 years, the sum of skinfolds of children with LF intakes will decrease by 6.2 mm on average, and by 3.6 mm in children with HF intake	+ Yes	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Sum of 4 skinfolds at > 5to 10 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 126) in boys and girls aged 2 years
Magarey 2001 2 years; mean end values per group	Sum of skinfolds (TC, BC, SS, SI)	mm	6	Total fat intake (single 3‐day weighed dietary record at baseline, 2 and 4 years, single 4‐day weighed dietary record at 6 years)	LF < 30%TE; HF > 35%TE	n overall = 126 (LF=14, HF=112), mean end values (SD). Baseline LF = 33.4 (6.8); HF = 32.8 (6.3), P > 0.05. At 6 years: LF (n = 13) = 32.8 (13.3); HF (n = 72) = 31.8 (12.8), P > 0.05. After 6 years, the sum of skinfolds of children with LF intakes will decrease by 0.6 mm on average, and by 1 mm in children with HF intake.	‐ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Sum of 3 skinfolds at > 2to 5 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = NR) in boys and girls aged 10 years
Obarzanek 1997 (cohort) 9.6 years; regression	Sum of skinfolds (TC, SS, SI)	mm	3	Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour recalls at baseline, 1 and 3 years)	%TE	n overall = NR; regression result. B = ‐0.005, P = 0.2. After 3 years, for every 1% increase in energy intake from total fat of children, the sum of skinfolds will decrease by 0.005 mm	‐ Yes	Adjusted for gender, physical activity, treatment, visit number, other sources of energy than fat, and for interactions: fat intake‐by‐treatment, fat intake‐by‐sex, fat intake‐by‐visit number and visit number‐by‐treatment.
Sum of 2 skinfolds at > 1to 2 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 192) in girls aged 5 years
Lee 2001 5 years; mean change per group	Sum of skinfolds (TC, SS)	mm	2	Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour recall at baseline)	LF ≤ 30%TE, HF > 30%TE	n girls = 192 (LF = 84; HF = 108); mean change (SD). Baseline: NR. LF = 0.9 (3.67), HF = 2.1 (5.2); P < 0.05. MD ‐1.2 (95% CI ‐2.46 to 0.06). After 2 years, the sum of skinfolds of girls with LF intake will increase on average by 1.2 mm less than girls with HF intake.	+ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.

^aDirection refers to whether there was a positive (+: exposure and outcome moved in the same direction, inverse/negative (‐: exposure and outcome moved in opposite directions) or zero (0: no association) between total fat intake and the outcome.

%TE: percentage of total energy; BC: biceps; CI: confidence interval; HF: high fat; LF: low fat; MD: mean difference; n: number of participants; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; SD: standard deviation; SI: supra‐ileac; SS: subscapular; TC: triceps.