14. Results of cohort studies: blood pressure.
|
Study ID; mean age at baseline; analysis |
Outcome | Outcome units | Time point (year) | Exposure | Exposure unit | Results of association (all reported values) |
Direction;a energy intake adjusted (yes/no) |
Matched groups or adjusted for (or both) |
| SBP at > 1to 2 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 310) in boys and girls aged 13 years | ||||||||
|
Setayeshgar 2017 12.5 years; regression |
SBP | z‐score | 2 | Total fat intake (single 24‐hour recall at baseline) | per 10 g | n overall = 310; regression result. β = 0.03 (95% CI 0.00004 to 0.06), P < 0.05. After 2 years, for every 10 g increase in total fat intake, SBP will increase by 0.03 z‐score |
+ No |
Adjusted for baseline BMI z‐score, baseline SBP and DBP, moderate to vigorous physical activity, vegetables and fruit, fibre, milk, sodium and added sugar. |
| SBP at > 2to 5 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = NR) in boys and girls aged 10 years | ||||||||
|
Obarzanek 1997 (cohort) 9.6 years; regression |
SBP | mmHg | 3 | Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour recalls at baseline, 1 and 3 years) | g | n overall = NR; regression result. B = 0.4, P < 0.1. After 3 years, for every 1 g increase in total fat intake, SBP will increase by 0.4 mmHg |
+ Yes |
Adjusted for height, weight and gender, with all sources of calories in the model. |
| DBP at > 1to 2 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 310) in boys and girls aged 13 years | ||||||||
|
Setayeshgar 2017 12.5 years; regression |
DBP | z‐score | 2 | Total fat intake (single 24‐hour recall at baseline) | per 10 g | n overall = 310. β = 0.03 (95% CI 0.003 to 0.05), P < 0.05. After 2 years, for every 10 g increase in total fat intake, DBP will increase by 0.03 z‐scores |
+ No |
Adjusted for baseline BMI z‐score, baseline SBP and DBP, moderate to vigorous physical activity, vegetables and fruit, fibre, milk, sodium and added sugar. |
| DBP at > 2to 5 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = NR) in boys and girls aged 10 years | ||||||||
|
Obarzanek 1997 (cohort) 9.6 years; regression |
DBP | mmHg | 3 | Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour recalls at baseline, 1 and 3 years) | g | n overall = NR. B = 0.43, 0.01 < P < 0.06. After 3 years, for every 1 g increase in total fat intake, DBP will increase by 0.43 mmHg |
+ Yes |
Adjusted for height, weight and gender, with all sources of calories in the model. |
aDirection refers to whether there was a positive (+: exposure and outcome moved in the same direction), inverse/negative (‐: exposure and outcome moved in opposite directions) or zero (0: no association) between total fat intake and the outcome.
B: unstandardised beta coefficient; β: standardised beta‐coefficient; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NR: not reported; SBP: systolic blood pressure.