. 2018 Jul 5;2018(7):CD012960. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012960.pub2

15. Results of cohort studies: height.

Study ID; mean age at baseline; analysis	Outcome	Outcome units	Time point (year)	Exposure	Exposure unit	Results of association (all reported values)	Direction;^a energy intake adjusted (yes/no)	Matched groups or adjusted for (or both)
Height at 1 year: 2 cohort studies; 2 analyses (n ˜ 740) in children aged 2‐6 years
Niinikoski 1997a 2 years; mean end values per group	Relative height^b	%	1	Total fat intake (single 4‐day dietary record at baseline, 1.5 and 2 years)	LF (27.7‐28.7 %TE); HF (> 28.7 %TE)	n overall = 740 (LF = 35, HF = 705); mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 0.30 (0.9); HF = 0.32 (0.9). At 1 year: LF = 0.18 (1.0); HF = 0.16 (0.9); P = 0.93. After 1 year, on average children with LF intake (27.7‐28.7 %TE) have a relative height change of 0.12% compared to 0.16% for children with HF intake (> 28.7 %TE).	‐ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Tershakovec 1998 (cohort) 6.2 years; mean end values per group	Height	z‐score	1	Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour dietary recalls at baseline and 1 year)	LF quintile (24%TE) HF quintile (34%TE)	n overall = NR (LF = NR, HF = NR); mean end values (SD NR). Baseline: LF = ‐0.23; HF = 0.17. At 1 year: LF = ‐0.11; HF = 0.22. After 1 year, on average children in LF intake (24%TE) quintile gain 0.12 z‐score in height while children in HF intake (34%TE) quintile gain 0.05 z‐score in height.	+ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Height at > 1to 2 years: 2 cohort study; 3 analysis (n = 836) in boys and girls aged 2‐4 years
Ambrosini 2016 3.6 years; mean end values per group	Height	cm	1.5	Total fat intake (single 3‐day unweighed food record at baseline)	LF quintile (30.4%TE) HF quintile (41.8%TE)	n boys, at baseline = 439; at 1.5 years = 387 (LF = NR, HF = NR); mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 99.9 (95% CI 99.2 to 100.5); HF = 99.3 (95% CI 98.7 to 99.9). At 1.5 years: LF = 110.7 (95% CI 109.9 to 111.5); HF = 109.9 (95% CI 109.1 to 110.7). After 1.5 years, on average boys with LF intake (30.4%TE) quintile gain 10.8 cm in height while boys with HF intake (41.8%TE) quintile gain 10.6 cm in height.	‐ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Ambrosini 2016 3.6 years; mean end values per group	Height	cm	1.5	Total fat intake (single 3‐day unweighed food record at baseline)	LF quintile (30.4%TE) HF quintile (41.8%TE)	n girls, at baseline = 351; at 1.5 years = 323) (LF = NR, HF = NR); mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 99.9 (95% CI 98.0 to 99.8). HF = 98.3 (95% CI 97.6 to 99.1). At 1.5 years: LF = 110.0 (95% CI 108.9 to 111.1); HF = 109.3 (95% CI 108.3 to 110.3). After 1.5 years, on average girls in LF intake (30.4%TE) quintile will gain10.1 cm in height while girls in HF intake (41.8%TE) quintile will gain 11 cm in height.	+ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Magarey 2001 2 years; mean end values per group	Height	cm	2	Total fat intake (single 3‐day weighed dietary records at baseline and 2 years)	LF < 30%TE HF > 35%TE	n overall = 126 (LF = 14, HF = 112); mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 86.1 (2.6); HF = 87.7 (3.3). At 2 years: LF (n = 20) = 107 (5.5); HF (n = 76) = 106 (3.9); P = NS. After 2 years, on average children with LF intake (< 30%TE) gain 20.9 cm in height, while children with HF intake > 35%TE) gain 18.3 cm in height.	‐ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Height at > 2to 5 years: 3 cohort studies; 3 analyses (n = 973) in boys and girls aged 2‐10 years
Shea 1993 4.4 years; mean change per group	Height	cm/year	2.1	Total fat intake (multiple FFQs at baseline)	LF ≤ 30%TE HF > 30%TE	n overall = 215 (LF = 37, HF = 178), mean change (SD). Baseline: LF = 6.8 (1.4); HF = 6.4 (0.8); P > 0.05. MD 0.2 (95% CI ‐0.24 to 0.64). After 2 years, LF intake (≤ 30%TE) will result in a 0.2 cm/year greater increase in height on average compared to HF intake (> 30%TE).	‐ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Obarzanek 1997 (cohort) 9.6 years regression	Height	cm	3	Total fat intake (multiple 24‐hour recalls at baseline, 1 and 3 years)	%TE	n overall = 632; regression results. B = ‐0.0009, P = 0.6. After 3 years, for every 1% increase in energy intake from fat, height in children will decrease by 0.0009 cm on average.	‐ Yes	Adjusted for gender, physical activity, treatment, visit number, other sources of energy than fat, and for interactions: fat intake‐by‐treatment, fat intake‐by‐gender, fat intake‐by‐visit number and visit number‐by‐treatment.
Magarey 2001 2 years; mean end values per group	Height	cm	4	Total fat intake (single 3‐day weighed dietary record at baseline, 2 and 4 years)	LF < 30%TE HF > 35%TE	n overall = 126 (LF = 14, HF = 112); mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 86.1 (2.6); HF = 87.7 (3.3). At 4 years: LF (n = 14) = 114 (5.5); HF (n = 88) = 116 (4.3); P > 0.05. After 4 years, on average children with LF intake (< 30%TE) gain 27.9 cm in height, while children with HF intake (> 35%TE) gain 28.3 cm in height.	+ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.
Height at > 5to 10 years: 1 cohort study; 1 analysis (n = 126) in boys and girls aged 2 years
Magarey 2001 2 years; mean end values per group	Height	cm	6	Total fat intake (single 3‐day weighed dietary record at baseline, 2 and 4 years; single 4‐day weighed dietary record at 6 years)	LF < 30%TE HF > 35%TE	n overall = 126 (LF = 14, HF = 112); mean end values (SD). Baseline: LF = 86.1 (2.6); HF = 87.7 (3.3). At 6 years: LF (n = 13) = 131 (7.7); HF (n = 72) = 128 (5.2); P > 0.05. At 6 years, on average children in LF intake (< 30%TE) gain 44.9 cm in height while children in HF intake (> 35%TE) gain 40.3 cm in height.	‐ No	No matching reported. No adjustment for prognostic variables.

^aDirection refers to whether there was a positive (+: exposure and outcome moved in the same direction), inverse/negative (‐: exposure and outcome moved in opposite directions) or zero (0: no association) between total fat intake and the outcome.

^bRelative height, deviation in percentages from the mean height of healthy Finnish children of the same height and gender.

%TE: percentage of total energy; FFQ: Food Frequency Questionnaire; LF: low fat; HF: high fat; MD: mean difference; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; SD: standard deviation.