Bogaert 2003.

Methods	Study design: prospective cohort study. Analyses methods for cohorts: multiple regression analyses used to test relation between variables, and partial correlations used to adjust for confounding variables. How were missing data handled? Attrition at 1 year: 31% (reasons not stated). No significant differences in baseline variables observed between children who attended for follow‐up and children who did not. Number of study contacts: 3 (baseline, 6 and 12 months). Period of follow‐up (total period of observation): 1 year. Periods of recruitment: NR. Sample size justification adequately described? No. Sampling method: convenience. Recruitment was done through local advertising. Study objective: to identify, prospectively, whether simply measured indicators of energy intake and expenditure might predict excessive weight gain over time in a cohort of prepubescent children. Study population: prepubertal children aged 6‐9 years in Australia.
Participants	Baseline characteristics (reported for 1 overall group) Age (mean in years): overall 8.6 (SD 0.2); boys 8.5 (SD 0.3); girls 8.6 (SD 0.2); P > 0.05. Sex: 51% girls. Ethnicity: NR. Education: NR. Income: NR. Pubertal stage: NA. Parental BMI (kg/m2): overall 27.2 (SD 1.3); father 28.1 (SD 0.9); mother 26.5 (SD 1.1). Child total energy (kJ): 8 years: overall 6640 (SD 390); boys 6800 (SD 320); girls 6400 (SD 350); ≥ 8 years: overall 7530 (SD 780); boys 8100 (SD 520); girls 7000 (SD 580). Child total fat (%TE): 8 years: overall 32.8 (SD 2.0); boys 33.5 (SD 0.8); girls 31.7 (SD 2.7); ≥ 8 years: overall 35.5 (SD 2.5); boys 37.5 (SD 1.2); girls 33.6 (SD 1.7). Child total protein (%TE): 8 years: overall 16.3 (SD 0.8); boys 16.1 (SD 0.7); girls 16.5 (SD 0.8); ≥ 8 years: overall 16.9 (SD 0.9); boys 17.1 (SD 1.0); girls 16.8 (SD 0.8). Child total CHO (%TE): 8 years: overall 50.4 (SD 2.2); boys 50.1 (SD 0.9); girls 50.7 (SD 3.3); ≥ 8 years: overall 46.9 (SD 2.6); boys 45.0 (SD 1.8); girls 48.7 (SD 1.8). Child physical activity, % time in: low intensity: overall 68.4 (SD 11.7); boys 66.1 (SD 1.9); girls 70.8 (SD 12.8); moderate intensity: overall 20.4 (IQR 12.3‐30.1); boys 21.5 (IQR 15.6‐30.2); girls 19.3 (IQR 10.4‐30.9); moderate‐high intensity: overall 7.9 (IQR 4.6‐15.2); boys 10.4 (IQR 6‐17.6); girls 6.5 (IQR 3.1‐11.2). Child physical inactivity or screen time or both, (hours/week): overall 11.1 (SD 0.8); boys 12.3 (SD 1.2); girls 9.9 (SD 1.2); P = 0.16, boys vs girls. Child CVD risk (excluding fatness): total cholesterol: overall 4.65 (SD 0.25); boys 4.5 (SD 0.2); girls 4.8 (SD 0.2); P > 0.05, boys vs girls; HDL‐C: overall 1.3 (SD 0.05); boys 1.33 (SD 0.06); girls 1.27 (SD 0.01); P > 0.05, boys vs girls; TG: overall 0.9 (SD 0.14); boys 0.8 (SD 0.1); girls 1.0 (SD 0.1); P > 0.05, boys vs girls; glucose: overall 4.8 (SD 0.1); boys 4.8 (0.1); girls 4.8 (SD 0.1); P > 0.05, boys vs girls. Child body fatness, BMI‐for‐age z‐score: overall 0.4 (SD 0.25); boys 0.3 (SD 0.1); girls 0.5 (SD 0.3); P > 0.05, boys vs girls; weight (kg): overall 32.9 (SD 1.9); boys 32.3 (SD 1.7); girls 33.4 (SD 2.0); P > 0.05, boys vs girls; % body fat: overall 22.2 (SD 3.9); boys 18.4 (SD 1.2); girls 25.9 (SD 1.1); P < 0.001, boys vs girls; FM BIA (kg): overall 7.75 (SD 1.72); boys 6.24 (SD 0.72); girls 9.20 (SD 1.0); P < 0.001, boys vs girls. Included criteria: children aged 6‐9 years, who had ≥ 1 biological parent agreeable to participate and the family commitment to continued follow‐up for ≥ 12 months. Excluded criteria: NR. Pretreatment: NA. Brief description of participants: children aged 6‐9 years living in New South Wales, Australia. Total number completed in cohort study: at 12 months: 41 (69%). An attempt was made to follow‐up each participant at each 6‐month interval by letter and telephone. Total number enrolled in cohort study: 59 children (41 mothers, 29 fathers).
Interventions	Description of exposure for cohorts Time span: 1 year. Dietary assessment method used: DR. Frequency of assessments: single 3‐day DR at baseline. See Table 9; Table 10; Table 11; Table 12; Table 13; Table 14; Table 15; Table 16; Table 17; Table 18 for details of total fat intake exposure per outcome.
Outcomes	BMI BMI‐for‐age z‐score.
Identification	Sponsorship source: Australian Rotary Health Foundation, Financial Markets Foundation for Children, National Health and Medical Research Council. Country: Australia. Setting: University Teaching Hospital, Western Australia. Comments: NA. Author's name: N Bogaert. Institution: Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. Email: kss@email.cs.nsw.gov.au. Declaration of Interests: no Study ID: Bogaert 2003. Type of record: journal article.
Notes	We contacted the authors to request relevant numerical outcome data, since they only reported the following in the text: "We were unable to demonstrate a positive relation between dietary fat and BMI z‐score change…" We had not received a response by time of publication.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Were adequate outcome data for cohorts available? All outcomes	Unclear risk	Attrition at 1 year: 31% (reasons not stated). Authors reported no significant differences in baseline variables observed between children who attended for follow‐up and children who did not (variables were not specified).
Was there matching of less‐exposed and more‐exposed participants for prognostic factors associated with outcome or were relevant statistical adjustments done? All outcomes	Unclear risk	Authors stated that partial correlations were used to adjust for confounding variables, but did not specify any variables.
Did the exposures between groups differ in components other than only total fat? All outcomes	Low risk
Can we be confident in the assessment of outcomes? All outcomes	Low risk	Height and weight measured using standard techniques. BC determined after an overnight fast using BIA.
Can we be confident in the assessment of exposure? All outcomes	High risk	Single assessment using a 3‐day DR.
Can we be confident in the assessment of presence or absence of prognostic factors? All outcomes	High risk	Only single 3‐day activity record assessed.
Was selection of less‐exposed and more‐exposed groups from the same population? All outcomes	Low risk	Participants recruited as part of 1 cohort study. Recruitment undertaken in local area through advertising.