Davison 2001.

Methods	Study design: prospective cohort study. Analyses methods for cohorts: hierarchical regression used. Predictor variables hypothesised to be most distal to girls' change in BMI (i.e. parent weight status) were entered 1st into model followed by predictors that were more proximal to girls' change in BMI (i.e. girls' physical activity and dietary intake). How were missing data handled? Only families with complete anthropometric data at both time points were used in analyses, resulting in (85.3%; 168/197). 12 families with outlying BMI values (i.e. > 3 SDs from the mean) were identified and removed from analyses. Characteristics of children with missing data NR. Number of study contacts: 2 (at baseline‐5 years and 2 years' follow‐up). Period of follow‐up (total period of observation): 2 years. Periods of recruitment: NR. Sample size justification adequately described? No. Sampling method: convenience sample. Families recruited using flyers and newspaper advertisements. In addition, families with age‐eligible girls within 5‐county radius received letters inviting them to participate and received follow‐up telephone calls. Study objective: to assess predictors of change in girls' BMI aged 5‐7 years and familial aggregation of risk factors associated with childhood overweight. Study population: 5‐year old white girls in Pennsylvania, USA.
Participants	Baseline characteristics (reported for 1 overall group) Age (mean in years): 5.4 (SD 0.4). Sex: 100% girls. Ethnicity: 100% non‐Hispanic white. Education: 67.7% higher than high school diploma. Income: equal proportions of families reported incomes ≤ USD 35,000, USD 35,000‐USD 50,000, > USD 50,000. Pubertal stage: NA. Parental BMI (kg/m2): mother: 26.3 (SD 5.6); father: 28.0 (SD 4.2). Child total energy (kJ): 6347.13 (SD 1301.22). Child total fat (%TE): 31% (SD NR). Child total protein: NR. Child total CHO: NR. Child physical activity: NR. Child physical inactivity or screen time or both: NR. Child CVD risk (excluding fatness): NR. Child body fatness: BMI (kg/m2): 15.8 (SD 1.4); overweight: 16%; obese: 3%. Included criteria: 5 years; living with both biological parents; absence of severe food allergies or chronic medical problems affecting food intake; absence of dietary restrictions involving animal products. Families were not recruited on weight status. Excluded criteria: NA. Brief description of participants: 5‐year old white girls from central Pennsylvania who were part of a longitudinal study of the health and development of young girls. Total number completed in cohort study: 192 girls (168 included in analysis). Total number enrolled in cohort study: 197 girls.
Interventions	Description of exposure for cohorts Time span: 2 years. Dietary assessment method used: multiple 24‐hour recall (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day randomly selected). Frequency of assessment: single assessment at 5 years (baseline). See Table 9; Table 10; Table 11; Table 12; Table 13; Table 14; Table 15; Table 16; Table 17; Table 18 for details of total fat intake exposure per outcome.
Outcomes	BMI BMI (kg/m2, 2‐year change).
Identification	Sponsorship source: National Institutes of Health. Country: USA. Setting: households, Pennsylvania. Comments: NA. Author's name: KK Davison. Institution: Pennsylvania State University. Email: kdavison@psu.edu. Declaration of interests: no. Study ID: Davison 2001. Type of record: journal article.
Notes	We contacted the authors as they did not report relevant regression coefficients in their regression models. We had not received a response by time of publication.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Were adequate outcome data for cohorts available? All outcomes	High risk	High attrition (15% (29/197) over 2 years).
Was there matching of less‐exposed and more‐exposed participants for prognostic factors associated with outcome or were relevant statistical adjustments done? All outcomes	Low risk	Analyses adjusted for baseline BMI, physical activity, total energy intake of the child and BMI, education and income of parents (SES).
Did the exposures between groups differ in components other than only total fat? All outcomes	Low risk
Can we be confident in the assessment of outcomes? All outcomes	Unclear risk	Assessment methods (weight, height) not adequately described.
Can we be confident in the assessment of exposure? All outcomes	High risk	Single dietary assessment at baseline (3 × 24‐hour recalls over a 2‐ to 3‐week period during summer).
Can we be confident in the assessment of presence or absence of prognostic factors? All outcomes	High risk	Methods used to assess physical activity of children at baseline and follow‐up were inconsistent. Only a single assessment of physical activity of parents performed at baseline. Assessment methods for parental weight and height not adequately described.
Was selection of less‐exposed and more‐exposed groups from the same population? All outcomes	Low risk	Children selected for 1 cohort study.