2. Examples of determinants of caesarean section births and interventions targeted at the determinants.

Level	Determinants	Interventions
Healthcare recipients (women, families)	Fear of childbirth Anxiety about childbirth	Birth preparation classes Special classes for women with fear of childbirth Psychoeducation
	Lack of awareness of the potential harms of CS	Antenatal education Educational brochures Decision aids
Healthcare professionals	Non‐adherence to evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines	Targeted in‐service training Academic detailing Mandatory second opinion on CS decisions Local opinion leaders
	Physicians unaware of individual CS practices	Audit and feedback
Healthcare organisations or facilities	Staffing models	Midwife‐led delivery care Laborist model of obstetric care
	Payment methods for healthcare workers	Equalising payment for CS and VD or higher payment for VD Payment for 24‐hour shifts (not for number of procedures)
	Lack of awareness of facility CS practices	Public dissemination of facility CS rates

CS: caesarean section; VD: vaginal delivery