Table 1.
Socio-demographic and household fuel use characteristics of study participants and latent tuberculosis infection status, by sex (N = 1,088).
| All (N = 1,088) | Women (N = 578) | Men (N = 510) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | Bivariate Analysis | Cases | Controls | Bivariate Analysis | Cases | Controls | Bivariate Analysis | |
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% Cl) | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% Cl) | N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% Cl) | |
| TOTAL | 396 (36%) | 692 (64%) | 196 (34%) | 382 (66%) | 200 (39%) | 310 (61%) | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 18–27 | 53 (13%) | 158 (23%) | 1.00 | 34 (17%) | 73 (19%) | 1.00 | 19 (10%) | 85 (27%) | 1.00 |
| 28–37 | 73 (18%) | 156 (23%) | 1.40 (0.92,2.12) | 39 (20%) | 101 (26%) | 0.83 (0.48,1.44) | 34 (17%) | 55 (18%) | 2.77 (1.44,5.33) |
| 38–47 | 78 (20%) | 130 (19%) | 1.79 (1.18,2.72) | 42 (21%) | 70 (18%) | 1.29 (0.74,2.25) | 36 (18%) | 60 (19%) | 2.68 (1.41,5.12) |
| 48–57 | 92 (23%) | 123 (18%) | 2.23 (1.48,3.37) | 42 (21%) | 71 (19%) | 1.27 (0.73,2.22) | 50 (25%) | 52 (17%) | 4.30 (2.29,8.08) |
| 58+ | 100 (25%) | 125 (18%) | 2.38 (1.59,3.58) | 39 (20%) | 67 (18%) | 1.25 (0.71,2.20) | 61 (31%) | 58 (19%) | 4.71 (2.55,8.69) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 196 (49%) | 382 (55%) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Male | 200 (51%) | 310 (45%) | 1.26 (0.98,1.61) | ||||||
| Main Stove | |||||||||
| LPG | 245 (62%) | 388 (56%) | 1.00 | 114 (58%) | 196 (51%) | 1.00 | 131 (66%) | 192 (62%) | 1.00 |
| Biogas | 30 (8%) | 87 (13%) | 0.55 (0.35,0.85) | 13 (7%) | 49 (13%) | 0.46 (0.24,0.88) | 17 (9%) | 38 (12%) | 0.66 (0.36,1.21) |
| Wood | 116 (29%) | 214 (31%) | 0.86 (0.65,1.13) | 66 (34%) | 135 (35%) | 0.84 (0.58,1.22) | 50 (25%) | 79 (25%) | 0.93 (0.61,1.41) |
| Other | 5 (1%) | 3 (0%) | 2.64 (0.63,11.14) | 3 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 2.58 (0.42,15.66) | 2 (1%) | 1 (0%) | 2.93 (0.26,32.66) |
| Secondary LPG stove | |||||||||
| No | 360 (91%) | 600 (87%) | 1.00 | 178 (91%) | 329 (86%) | 1.00 | 182 (91%) | 271 (87%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 36 (9%) | 92 (13%) | 0.65 (0.43,0.98) | 18 (9%) | 53 (14%) | 0.63 (0.36,1.10) | 18 (9%) | 39 (13%) | 0.69 (0.38,1.24) |
| Secondary Biogas stove | |||||||||
| No | 376 (95%) | 646 (93%) | 1.00 | 183 (93%) | 359 (94%) | 1.00 | 193 (97%) | 287 (93%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 20 (5%) | 46 (7%) | 0.75 (0.44,1.28) | 13 (7%) | 23 (6%) | 1.11 (0.55,2.24) | 7 (4%) | 23 (7%) | 0.45 (0.19,1.08) |
| Secondary Wood stove | |||||||||
| No | 345 (87%) | 608 (88%) | 1.00 | 172 (88%) | 332 (87%) | 1.00 | 173 (87%) | 276 (89%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 51 (13%) | 84 (12%) | 1.07 (0.74,1.55) | 24 (12%) | 50 (13%) | 0.93 (0.55,1.56) | 27 (14%) | 34 (11%) | 1.27 (0.74,2.17) |
| Secondary Kerosene stove | |||||||||
| No | 387 (98%) | 684 (99%) | 1.00 | 190 (97%) | 379 (99%) | 1.00 | 197 (99%) | 305 (98%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 9 (2%) | 8 (1%) | 1.99 (0.76,5.20) | 6 (3%) | 3 (1%) | 3.99 (0.99,16.13) | 3 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 0.93 (0.22,3.93) |
| Secondary Electric stove | |||||||||
| No | 380 (96%) | 662 (96%) | 1.00 | 188 (96%) | 369 (97%) | 1.00 | 192 (96%) | 293 (95%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 16 (4%) | 30 (4%) | 0.93 (0.50,1.73) | 8 (4%) | 13 (3% | 1.21 (0.49,2.97) | 8 (4%) | 17 (5%) | 0.72 (0.30,1.70) |
| Secondary Rice Cooker | |||||||||
| No | 152 (38%) | 285 (41%) | 1.00 | 89 (45%) | 178 (47%) | 1.00 | 63 (32%) | 107 (35%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 244 (62%) | 407 (59%) | 1.12 (0.87,1.45) | 107 (55%) | 204 (53%) | 1.05 (0.74,1.48) | 137 (69%) | 203 (65%) | 1.15 (0.78,1.67) |
| Other Secondary stove | |||||||||
| No | 373 (94%) | 653 (94%) | 1.00 | 182 (93%) | 367 (96%) | 1.00 | 191 (96%) | 286 (92%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 23 (6% | 39 (6%) | 1.03 (0.61,1.76) | 14 (7% | 15 (4% | 1.88 (0.89,3.98) | 9 (5%) | 24 (8%) | 0.56 (0.26,1.23) |
| Heat house with fuel | |||||||||
| No | 347 (88%) | 593 (86%) | 1.00 | 173 (88%) | 323 (85%) | 1.00 | 174 (87%) | 270 (87%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 49 (12%) | 99 (14%) | 0.85 (0.59,1.22) | 23 (12%) | 59 (15%) | 0.73 (0.43,1.22) | 26 (13%) | 40 (13%) | 1.01 (0.59,1.71) |
| Ever used kerosene lighting | |||||||||
| No | 137 (35%) | 263 (38%) | 1.00 | 58 (30%) | 140 (37%) | 1.00 | 79 (40%) | 123 (40%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 259 (65%) | 429 (62%) | 1.16 (0.90,1.50) | 138 (70%) | 242 (63%) | 1.38 (0.95,1.99) | 121 (61%) | 187 (60%) | 1.01 (0.70,1.45) |
| Candle use during power outage | |||||||||
| No | 286 (72%) | 533 (77%) | 1.00 | 147 (75%) | 293 (77%) | 1.00 | 139 (70%) | 240 (77%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 110 (28%) | 159 (23%) | 1.29 (0.97,1.71) | 49 (25%) | 89 (23%) | 1.10 (0.73,1.64) | 61 (31%) | 70 (23%) | 1.50 (1.01,2.25) |
| Oil lamp use during power outage | |||||||||
| No | 377 (95%) | 677 (98%) | 1.00 | 183 (93%) | 371 (97%) | 1.00 | 194 (97%) | 306 (99%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 19 (5%) | 15 (2%) | 2.27 (1.14,4.53) | 13 (7%) | 11 (3%) | 2.40 (1.05,5.45) | 6 (3%) | 4 (1%) | 2.37 (0.66,8.49) |
| Burn mosquito coils | |||||||||
| No | 286 (72%) | 503 (73%) | 1.00 | 143 (73%) | 284 (74%) | 1.00 | 143 (72%) | 219 (71%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 110 (28%) | 189 (27%) | 1.02 (0.78,1.35) | 53 (27%) | 98 (26%) | 1.07 (0.73,1.59) | 57 (29%) | 91 (29%) | 0.96 (0.65,1.42) |
| Burn incense inside | |||||||||
| No | 104 (26%) | 206 (30%) | 1.00 | 58 (30%) | 110 (29%) | 1.00 | 46 (23%) | 96 (31%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 292 (74%) | 486 (70%) | 1.19 (0.90,1.57) | 138 (70%) | 272 (71%) | 0.96 (0.66,1.40) | 154 (77%) | 214 (69%) | 1.50 (1.00,2.26) |
| Household Contact with TB diagnosis | |||||||||
| No | 371 (94%) | 668 (97%) | 1.00 | 180 (92%) | 368 (96%) | 1.00 | 191 (96%) | 300 (97%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 25 (6%) | 24 (3%) | 1.88 (1.06,3.33) | 16 (8%) | 14 (4%) | 2.34 (1.12,4.89) | 9 (5%) | 10 (3%) | 1.41 (0.56,3.54) |
| Household Crowding | |||||||||
| ≤2 people per room | 374 (94%) | 637 (92%) | 1.00 | 190 (97%) | 352 (92%) | 1.00 | 184 (92%) | 285 (92%) | 1.00 |
| >2 people per room | 22 (6%) | 55 (8%) | 0.68 (0.41,1.14) | 6 (3%) | 30 (8%) | 0.37 (0.15,0.91) | 16 (8%) | 25 (8%) | 0.99 (0.52,1.91) |
| Smoking Status | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 239 (60%) | 490 (71%) | 1.00 | 150 (77%) | 303 (79%) | 1.00 | 89 (45%) | 187 (60%) | 1.00 |
| ≤ 8 pack- years | 69 (17%) | 109 (16%) | 1.30 (0.92,1.82) | 18 (9%) | 40 (10%) | 0.91 (0.50,1.64) | 51 (26%) | 69 (22%) | 1.55 (1.00,2.41) |
| >8 pack- years | 88 (22%) | 93 (13%) | 1.94 (1.39,2.70) | 28 (14%) | 39 (10%) | 1.45 (0.86,2.45) | 60 (30%) | 54 (17%) | 2.33 (1.49,3.65) |
| Other Household Smoker(s) | |||||||||
| No | 308 (78%) | 543 (78%) | 1.00 | 150 (77%) | 281 (74%) | 1.00 | 158 (79%) | 262 (85%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 88 (22%) | 149 (22%) | 1.04 (0.77,1.40) | 46 (23%) | 101 (26%) | 0.85 (0.57,1.27) | 42 (21%) | 48 (15%) | 1.45 (0.92,2.30) |
| Education | |||||||||
| None | 93 (23%) | 171 (25%) | 1.00 | 73 (37%) | 144 (38%) | 1.00 | 20 (10%) | 27 (9%) | 1.00 |
| Primary | 82 (21%) | 125 (18%) | 1.21 (0.83,1.76) | 36 (18%) | 69 (18%) | 1.03 (0.63,1.68) | 46 (23%) | 56 (18%) | 1.11 (0.55,2.23) |
| Secondary | 135 (34%) | 210 (30%) | 1.18 (0.85,1.65) | 54 (28%) | 100 (26%) | 1.07 (0.69,1.64) | 81 (41%) | 110 (35%) | 0.99 (0.52,1.90) |
| Post- secondary | 86 (22%) | 186 (27%) | 0.85 (0.59,1.22) | 33 (17%) | 69 (18%) | 0.94 (0.57,1.56) | 53 (27%) | 117 (38%) | 0.61 (0.32,1.19) |
| Monthly Household Income (Rupees) | |||||||||
| <8K | 47 (12%) | 86 (12%) | 1.00 | 27 (14%) | 54 (14%) | 1.00 | 20 (10%) | 32 (10%) | 1.00 |
| 8–16K | 87 (22%) | 133 (19%) | 1.20 (0.77,1.87) | 45 (23%) | 76 (20%) | 1.18 (0.66,2.14) | 42 (21%) | 57 (18%) | 1.18 (0.59,2.34) |
| 16–32K | 114 (29%) | 184 (27%) | 1.13 (0.74,1.73) | 44 (22%) | 107 (28%) | 0.82 (0.46,1.47) | 70 (35%) | 77 (25%) | 1.45 (0.76,2.77) |
| >32K | 119 (30%) | 213 (31%) | 1.02 (0.67,1.56) | 64 (33%) | 93 (24%) | 1.38 (0.79,2.41) | 55 (28%) | 120 (39%) | 0.73 (0.39,1.40) |
| Don’t know | 29 (7%) | 76 (11%) | 0.70 (0.40,1.22) | 16 (8%) | 52 (14%) | 0.62 (0.30,1.27) | 13 (7%) | 24 (8%) | 0.87 (0.36,2.08) |
| Family land ownership | |||||||||
| No | 25 (6%) | 45 (7%) | 1.00 | 17 (9%) | 24 (6%) | 1.00 | 8 (4%) | 21 (7%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 371 (94%) | 641 (93%) | 1.04 (0.63,1.73) | 179 (91%) | 355 (94%) | 0.71 (0.37,1.36) | 192 (96%) | 286 (93%) | 1.76(0.76,4.06) |
| Religion | |||||||||
| Hindu | 346 (87%) | 610 (88%) | 1.00 | 169 (86%) | 346 (91%) | 1.00 | 177 (89%) | 264 (85%) | 1.00 |
| Buddhist | 36 (9%) | 56 (8%) | 1.13 (0.73,1.76) | 17 (9%) | 23 (6%) | 1.51 (0.79,2.91) | 19 (10%) | 33 (11%) | 0.86 (0.47,1.56) |
| Other | 14 (4%) | 25 (4%) | 0.99 (0.51,1.92) | 10 (5%) | 12 (3%) | 1.71 (0.72,4.03) | 4 (2%) | 13 (4%) | 0.46 (0.15,1.43) |
| Caste | |||||||||
| Dalit | 63 (16%) | 84 (12%) | 1.00 | 38 (19%) | 56 (15%) | 1.00 | 25 (13%) | 28 (9%) | 1.00 |
| Disadv. Janajati | 70 (18%) | 113 (16%) | 0.83 (0.53,1.29) | 39 (20%) | 60 (16%) | 0.96 (0.54,1.70) | 31 (16%) | 53 (17%) | 0.66 (0.33,1.32) |
| Disadv. Non-Dalit Terai | 3 (1%) | 2 (0%) | 2.00 (0.32,12.33) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1.00 | 3 (2%) | 1 (0%) | 3.36 (0.33,34.41) |
| Religious Minority | 8 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 0.82 (0.32,2.10) | 6 (3%) | 3 (1%) | 2.95 (0.69,12.51) | 2 (1%) | 10 (3%) | 0.22 (0.04,1.12) |
| Relatively adv. Janajati | 111 (28%) | 149 (22%) | 0.99 (0.66,1.49) | 45 (23%) | 86 (23%) | 0.77 (0.45,1.33) | 66 (33%) | 63 (20%) | 1.17 (0.62,2.23) |
| Higher Caste | 139 (35%) | 330 (48%) | 0.56 (0.38,0.82) | 68 (35%) | 176 (46%) | 0.57 (0.35,0.94) | 71 (36%) | 154 (50%) | 0.52 (0.28,0.95) |
| Location of residence | |||||||||
| Rural | 238 (60%) | 381 (55%) | 1.00 | 115 (59%) | 198 (52%) | 1.00 | 123 (62%) | 183 (59%) | 1.00 |
| Urban | 158 (40%) | 311 (45%) | 0.81 (0.63,1.05) | 81 (41%) | 184 (48%) | 0.76 (0.54,1.07) | 77 (39%) | 127 (41%) | 0.90 (0.63,1.30) |
| Buffalo ownership | |||||||||
| No | 280 (71%) | 424 (61%) | 1.00 | 140 (71%) | 226 (59%) | 1.00 | 140 (70%) | 198 (64%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 116 (29%) | 268 (39%) | 0.66 (0.50,0.85) | 56 (29%) | 156 (41%) | 0.58 (0.40,0.84) | 60 (30%) | 112 (36%) | 0.76 (0.52,1.11) |
| Cow ownership | |||||||||
| No | 303 (77%) | 509 (74%) | 1.00 | 151 (77%) | 284 (74%) | 1.00 | 152 (76%) | 225 (73%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 93 (23%) | 183 (26%) | 0.85 (0.64,1.14) | 45 (23%) | 98 (26%) | 0.86 (0.58,1.29) | 48 (24%) | 85 (27%) | 0.84 (0.56,1.26) |
| Alcohol use | |||||||||
| None | 157 (40%) | 347 (50%) | 1.00 | 130 (66%) | 272 (71%) | 1.00 | 27 (14%) | 75 (24%) | 1.00 |
| Occasional | 109 (28%) | 180 (26%) | 1.34 (0.99,1.81) | 43 (22%) | 79 (21%) | 1.14 (0.74,1.74) | 66 (33%) | 101 (33%) | 1.82 (1.06,3.11) |
| Weekly | 130 (33%) | 165 (24%) | 1.74 (1.29,2.34) | 23 (12%) | 31 (8%) | 1.55 (0.87,2.77) | 107 (54%) | 134 (43%) | 2.22 (1.33,3.69) |
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| No | 362 (91%) | 651 (94%) | 1.00 | 182 (93%) | 370 (97%) | 1.00 | 180 (90%) | 281 (91%) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 34 (9%) | 41 (6%) | 1.49 (0.93,2.39) | 14 (7%) | 12 (3%) | 2.37 (1.08,5.23) | 20 (10%) | 29 (9%) | 1.08 (0.59,1.96) |