Table 2:
Ratio of geometric means of employee Urine METAL concentrations by employee characteristics in waterpipe tobacco venues in Istanbul and Moscow
| Characteristics | N | Adjusted Geometric Mean Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Status | Cd | Co | Cs | Mn | |
| Never/Former (Ref) | 28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current cigarette only | 28 | 1.07 (0.71, 1.63) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.47) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.28) | 1.69 (0.97, 2.94) |
| Current waterpipe only | 18 | 0.92 (0.53, 1.61) | 1.04 (0.68, 1.61) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.29) | 2.60 (1.24, 5.45) |
| Current cigarette and waterpipe | 36 | 1.10 (0.68, 1.76) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.60) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 1.54 (0.82, 2.89) |
| Urine Cotinine (ng/g) | |||||
| ≤1277.0 (Ref) (tertile 1) | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >1277.0 (tertiles 2 and 3) | 86 | 1.57(1.14, 2.17) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.45) |
| Work Hours Per Week (per hour) | 109 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.50 (0.96, 2.35) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
| Living with a smoker | |||||
| No (Ref) | 53 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes, cigarette smoker only | 49 | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.46) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.04) |
| Yes, cigarette and waterpipe smoker | 8 | 1.43 (0.80, 2.57) | 1.48 (0.95, 2.29) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.27) | 1.82 (0.84, 3.94) |
| SHS from Cigarettes Per Week (Hours) | |||||
| ≤48 (Ref) | 45 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >48 | 65 | 1.05 (0.43, 2.55) | 0.83 (0.43, 1.63) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.27) |
| SHS from WP Per Week (Hours) | |||||
| ≤21 (Ref) | 49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >21 | 61 | 1.14 (0.83, 1.55) | 1.38 (1.10, 1.75) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) |
| Lighting waterpipes | |||||
| No (Ref) | 62 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 48 | 1.13 (0.79, 1.59) | 1.43 (1.10, 1.86) | 1.21 (1.00, 1.48) | 0.82 (0.51, 1.30) |
| Smoking Status | Mo | Pb | Tl | Ur | |
| Never/Former (Ref) | 28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current cigarette only | 28 | 1.10 (0.77, 1.56) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.56) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.28) | 1.26 (0.91, 1.77) |
| Current waterpipe only | 18 | 0.96 (0.59, 1.54) | 1.31 (0.94, 1.82) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.74) |
| Current cigarette and waterpipe | 36 | 1.23 (0.82, 1.84) | 1.23 (0.82, 1.84) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.10) | 1.32 (0.90, 1.92) |
| Urine Cotinine (ng/g) | |||||
| ≤1277.0 (Ref) (tertile 1) | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >1277.0 (tertiles 2 and 3) | 86 | 1.19 (0.89, 1.57) | 1.30 (1.07, 1.58) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.42) | 1.02 (0.65, 1.61) |
| Work Hours Per Week (per hour) | 109 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
| Living with a smoker | |||||
| No (Ref) | 53 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes, cigarette smoker only | 49 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) |
| Yes, cigarette and waterpipe smoker | 8 | 1.15 (0.69, 1.89) | 1.40 (0.99, 1.97) | 1.07 (0.73, 1.58) | 1.62 (1.02, 2.56) |
| SHS from Cigarettes Per Week (Hour) | |||||
| ≤48 (Ref) | 45 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >48 | 65 | 1.43 (0.83, 2.48) | 0.92 (0.60, 1.41) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.54, 1.87) |
| SHS from WP Per Week (Hours) | |||||
| ≤21 (Ref) | 49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >21 | 61 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.03) |
| Lighting waterpipes | |||||
| No (Ref) | 62 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 48 | 1.45 (1.08, 1.93) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.32) | 1.17(0.93, 1.47) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.57) |
The geometric mean ratios for smoking status and work hours per week were adjusted for age, sex, and country.
The geometric mean ratios for urine cotinine, living with a smoker, SHS from cigarettes per week, and SHS from waterpipe per week and lighting waterpipes were further adjusted for cigarette and waterpipe smoking status.
Cd: Cadmium, Co: Cobalt, Cs: Cesium, Mn, Manganese. Ref: Reference group for regression analysis
The geometric mean ratios for smoking status and work hours per week were adjusted for age, sex, and country.
The geometric mean ratios for urine cotinine, living with a smoker, SHS from cigarettes per week, and SHS from waterpipe per week and lighting waterpipes were further adjusted for cigarette and waterpipe smoking status.
Mo: Molybdenum, Pb: Lead, Tl: Thallium, Ur: Uranium. Ref: Reference group for regression analysis