2.
Characteristics of multiple-use models
| Model | Year | Country or region | Research design | Statistical methods | Population | Modeling sample | AUC (95% CI) | C-index (95% CI) |
| AUC, area under receiver-operating characteristic curve; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; C-index, concordance index. | ||||||||
| Bach (9) | 2003 | US | Cohort study | Cox proportional hazards regression | Aged 50−69 years, current and former smokers | 18,172 | 0.72 | |
| Spitz (14) | 2007 | US | Case-control study | Logistic | Never, former and current smokers | Cancer case 1,851/Control 2,001 Never smokers: cancer case 330/Control 379 Former smokers: cancer case 784/Control 884 Current smokers: cancer case 737/Control 738 | Never smokers,
0.57 (0.47−0.66); Former smokers, 0.63 (0.58−0.69); Current smokers, 0.58 (0.52−0.64) |
Never smokers:
0.59 (0.51−0.67); Former smokers: 0.63 (0.58−0.67); Current smokers: 0.65 (0.60−0.69) |
| Spitz (15) | 2008 | US | Case-control study | Logistic | Current and former smokers, White non-Hispanic cases | Current smokers: cancer case 350/Control 244; Former smokers: cancer case 375/Control 371 | Former smokers,
0.70 (0.66−0.74); Current smokers, 0.73 (0.69−0.77) |
|
| LLP (16) | 2008 | United
Kingdom |
Case-control study | Logistic | Aged 20−80 years | Cancer case 579/
Control 1,157 |
0.71 | |
| LLPi (17) | 2015 | United
Kingdom |
Case-control study | Cox proportional hazards regression | Aged 45−79 years | 8,760: cancer case 237, control 8,523 | 0.852 (0.831−0.873) | |
| PLCO (18) | 2009 | Canada | Cohort study | Logistic | Aged 55−74 years who were free of the cancers under study | 12,314 | 0.865 | |
| PLCO (19) | 2011 | Canada | Cohort study | Logistic | Aged 55−74 years, Model 1: the PLCO control arms; Model 2: smokers only | Model 1: 70,962
Model 2: 38,254 |
Model 1: 0.859
(0.8476−0.8707); Model 2: 0.809 (0.7957−0.8219) |
|
| PLCOM (20) | 2012 | Canada | Cohort study | Logistic | Aged 55−74 years, former smokers | 36,286 | 0.803 (0.782−0.813) | |
| Etzel (21) | 2008 | US | Case-control study | Logistic | African-Americans | Cancer case 491/Control 497 | 0.75 | |
| Pittsburgh (22) | 2016 | US | Case-control study | Logistic | Aged 55−74 years, current and former smokers | LDCT 25,929/CXR 25,648 | LDCT 0.679/CXR 0.687 | |
| Hoggart (23) | 2012 | United
Kingdom |
Cohort study | Survival analysis | Aged 40−65 years, current, former and never smokers | 169,035 (90% of the data) | One year-current: 0.82; Former: 0.83; Never: 0.84. 5 year-current: 0.77; Former: 0.72; Never: 0.79 | |