Table 3.

In-vitro and in-vivo anti-oxidant effect of A. calamus and/or its bioactive phytochemicals asarone (alpha (α)-and, beta (β)-asarone).

Model/Animal used/Cell lines	Treatment	Targets/Effects/Possible molecular events	Reference
In-vitro anti-oxidant activity	Essential oils of A. calamus (5–25) μL/mL	The oils isolated from the rhizome and leaves in all the different seasons exhibited antioxidant activity as confirmed by 2, 2-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power (RP) and chelating properties of Fe2+.	[45]
In-vitro anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity	Aqueous extracts of A. calamus (25–400) μg/mL	Results showed that the aqueous extracts have a potential free radical scavenging activity as confirmed by DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide radical, ferrous chelation, RP and phosphomolybdenum assay.	[46]
In-vitro anti-oxidant activity	(α)-asarone (10–100) μg/mL	It exhibited a dose-dependent DPPH radical-scavenging, RP, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.	[47]
Ischemia-induced brain infarction oxidative stress (wistar rats)	(β)-asarone (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg/d b.w.; p.o.)	↑ in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activity in the hippocampus. ↓ in the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) content in the hippocampus.	[48]
Senescence- accelerated prone 8 (SAMP-8) (Alzheimer's mediated oxidative stress) (mice)	(β)-asarone (34 mg/kg/d b.w.; p.o.)	(β)-asarone did not affect superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in brain and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum.	[49]
High-fat diet (HFD) induced metabolic abnormalities oxidative stress (wistar rats)	(β)-asarone (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/d b.w.; p.o.)	↑ levels of GSH and ↓ levels of MDA in liver homogenate.	[50]
Noise stress-induced oxidative stress in brain (wistar rats)	(α)-asarone (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg/d b.w.; i.p.)	↓ in the levels of SOD and LPO content in the brain. ↑ in the levels of CAT, GPx, GSH, Vitamin C, E and protein thiols in the brain.	[51]
Brain enzymatic antioxidant activities (Swiss OF1 mice)	(α)-asarone (100 mg/kg/d b.w.; i.p.)	↑ in the levels of GPx and GR in the three areas of brain (cortex, striatum and hippocampus). SOD activity was unaffected in cortex and ↑ in striatum and hippocampus.	[52]
γ-radiation induced alterations in oxidative stress (swiss Albino mice)	(α)-asarone (50 mg/kg/d b.w.; p.o.)	↑ in the levels of GSH, SOD, GPx and CAT in brain and kidney homogenate.	[53]
Scopolamine induced cognitive deficits mediated oxidative stress (ICR mice)	(α)-asarone (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg/d b.w.; i.p.)	↓ in the levels of MDA and SOD in both areas of the brain (cerebral cortex and hippocampus).	[54]
Noise stress-induced oxidative stress in brain (wistar Albino rats)	(α)-asarone (9 mg/kg/d b.w.; i.p.)	↓ in the levels of SOD and LPO content in hippocampus. ↑ in the levels of CAT, GPx, GSH, Vitamin C and E in hippocampus.	[55]
Dalton's ascites lymphoma induced tumor (swiss Albino mice)	Methanolic extracts of A. calamus (100 and 200 mg/kg/d b.w.; i.p.)	↑ in the liver antioxidant enzyme level of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, Vitamin C and E. ↑ in the kidney antioxidant enzyme level of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, LPO and Vitamin E.	[42, 43, 44]

Abbreviations: b.w.: body weight; d: day; p.o.: per oral route; i.v.: intravenous route i.p.: intraperitoneal route.