Table 1.
Summary of studies and anthropometric data
| References | Study group (n) | Age (years) | Height (cm) | Mass (kg) | BMI (kg·m2) | BSA (m2) | HR (beats·min−1) | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child et al. [33] | Control (12) | 56.3 ± 7.8 | – | – | – | 1.93 ± 0.08 | 62 ± 11 | – | – | 12 |
| Runners (9) | 53.7 ± 10.6 | – | – | – | 1.78 ± 0.13 | 49 ± 7 | – | – | ||
| D’Andrea et al. [35] | Control (25) | 47.4 ± 2.2 | – | – | – | 1.88 ± 0.4 | 73 ± 8 | 126 ± 6 | 85 ± 3 | 14 |
| Swimmers (40) | 48.2 ± 3.4 | – | – | – | 1.89 ± 0.5 | 50 ± 4 | 117 ± 9 | 79 ± 5 | ||
| Giada et al. [42] | Control (12) | 58.0 ± 6.0 | – | – | – | 1.92 ± 0.1 | 69 ± 10 | 146 ± 17 | 83 ± 8 | 13 |
| Cyclists (12) | 55.0 ± 5.0 | – | – | – | 1.86 ± 0.1 | 55 ± 6 | 139 ± 14 | 87 ± 8 | ||
| Kozakova et al. [44] | Control (16) | 46.5 ± 16.0 | – | – | – | – | 82 ± 20 | 129 ± 12 | 67 ± 10 | 7 |
| Runners, triathletes (16) | 53.1 ± 20.0 | – | – | – | – | 72 ± 8 | 135 ± 16 | 70 ± 12 | ||
| Lee et al. [45] | Control (9) | 54.8 ± 4.3 | 182 ± 3 | 81.7 ± 5.0 | 24.8 ± 2.1 | – | 60 ± 4 | 114 ± 10 | 70 ± 10 | 13 |
| Cyclists, triathletes, speed-skaters (12) | 53.8 ± 4.1 | 177 ± 7 | 75.1 ± 4.8 | 23.9 ± 2.1 | – | 57 ± 7 | 112 ± 10 | 69 ± 10 | ||
| Lindsay and Dunn [46] | Control (45) | 52.0 | – | – | – | 1.83 ± 0.27 | – | 129 ± 17 | 77 ± 13 | 14 |
| Runners (45) | 52.0 ± 11.4 | – | – | – | 1.88 ± 0.13 | – | 129 ± 16 | 77 ± 8 | ||
| Maufrais et al. [50] | Control (26) | 56.0 ± 6.0 | 175 ± 6 | 80.9 ± 22.4 | 26.3 ± 0.2 | 1.95 ± 0.22 | 65 ± 10 | 128 ± 11 | 82 ± 7 | 14 |
| Runners, triathletes, cyclists (35) | 54.0 ± 7.0 | 175 ± 14 | 73.7 ± 7.9 | 25.2 ± 8.6 | 1.88 ± 0.15 | 56 ± 9 | 127 ± 11 | 80 ± 9 | ||
| Northcote et al. [54] | Control (17) | 56.0 ± 7.0 | 174 ± 8 | 74.0 ± 8.0 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | – | 72 ± 10 | 135 ± 23 | – | 12 |
| Runners (18) | 56.0 ± 7.0 | 175 ± 5 | 64.0 ± 5.0 | 22.4 ± 0.1 | – | 51 ± 7 | 125 ± 15 | – | ||
| Nottin et al. [55] | Control (14) | 55.9 ± 4.1 | 173 ± 4 | 80.4 ± 5.5 | – | 1.94 ± 0.08 | 73 ± 10 | 135 ± 9 | 83 ± 7 | 13 |
| Cyclists (14) | 58.6 ± 4.8 | 173 ± 7 | 73.0 ± 9.4 | – | 1.86 ± 0.15 | 63 ± 6 | 141 ± 6 | 83 ± 8 | ||
| Sagiv et al. [57] | Control (15) | 60.1 ± 1.1 | 173 ± 5 | 72.1 ± 3.0 | – | – | 81 ± 8 | 122 ± 6 | 82 ± 6 | 12 |
| Aerobic athletes (15) | 59.3 ± 1.1 | 175 ± 7 | 71.4 ± 3.2 | – | – | 69 ± 9 | 117 ± 7 | 77 ± 10 | ||
| Nishimura et al. [53] | Control (15) | 46.9 ± 3.3 | – | – | – | 1.62 ± 0.05 | 60 ± 8 | 127 ± 13 | 75 ± 9 | 14 |
| Bicyclists (29) | 45.6 ± 2.3 | – | – | – | 1.78 ± 0.10 | 54 ± 7 | 120 ± 10 | 78 ± 8 | ||
| Baldi et al. [29] | Control (20) | 65.7 ± 3.7 | 176 ± 4 | 77.5 ± 10.3 | 25.1 ± 2.6 | 1.96 ± 0.15 | 63 ± 9 | 140 ± 8 | 78 ± 17 | 11 |
| Endurance athletes (19) | 65.2 ± 4.2 | 175 ± 6 | 70.1 ± 6.8 | 23.1 ± 1.8 | 1.82 ± 0.42 | 56 ± 6 | 126 ± 7 | 80 ± 6 | ||
| Bouvier et al. [31] | Control (12) | 74.9 ± 2.4 | 175 ± 6 | 78.4 ± 11.0 | 25.8 ± 3.5 | 1.93 ± 0.13 | 69 ± 9 | 148 ± 14 | 81 ± 7 | 9 |
| Orienteers, runners (10) | 72.8 ± 2.9 | 179 ± 3 | 72.5 ± 8.7 | 22.6 ± 2.1 | 1.90 ± 0.13 | 58 ± 11 | 151 ± 26 | 78 ± 7 | ||
| Carrick-Ranson et al. [32] | Control (27) | 66.0 ± 5.0 | 176 ± 7 | 87.0 ± 16.0 | 28.0 ± 5.0 | – | 69 ± 11 | – | – | 11 |
| Cyclists, runners, dual/triathletes (17) | 66.0 ± 4.0 | 176 ± 6 | 75.0 ± 10.0 | 24.0 ± 2.0 | – | 62 ± 10 | – | – | ||
| Di Bello et al. [36] | Control (11) | 69.7 ± 8.4 | 169 ± 4 | 64.8 ± 9.5 | – | 1.80 ± 0.10 | 83 ± 21 | 145 ± 8 | 81 ± 3 | 13 |
| Runners (12) | 65.7 ± 7.1 | 176 ± 8 | 69.2 ± 9.1 | – | 1.90 ± 0.20 | 68 ± 15 | 145 ± 6 | 81 ± 2 | ||
| Galetta et al. [40] | Control (16) | 66.9 ± 4.6 | 177 ± 12 | 77.3 ± 8.7 | 24.6 ± 1.1 | – | 68 ± 7 | 134 ± 8 | 82 ± 4 | 15 |
| Runners (16) | 67.6 ± 4.5 | 177 ± 15 | 74.8 ± 6.5 | 23.7 ± 0.7 | – | 54 ± 7 | 125 ± 6 | 79 ± 8 | ||
| Galetta et al. [39] | Control (25) | 68.3 ± 3.2 | 176 ± 7 | 76.8 ± 5.6 | 24.5 ± 1.1 | – | 68 ± 6 | 133 ± 6 | 82 ± 4 | 15 |
| Runners (25) | 69.4 ± 3.8 | 175 ± 7 | 75.9 ± 5.6 | 24.7 ± 0.7 | – | 54 ± 5 | 130 ± 5 | 81 ± 6 | ||
| Gates et al. [41] | Control (11) | 65.0 ± 6.6 | 177 ± 7 | 85.0 ± 16.6 | – | 2.02 ± 0.17 | 59 ± 7 | 119 ± 17 | 74 ± 7 | 13 |
| Aerobic athletes (12) | 68.0 ± 6.9 | 174 ± 3 | 74.0 ± 6.9 | – | 1.89 ± 0.17 | 48 ± 7 | 128 ± 17 | 76 ± 10 | ||
| Gates et al. [41] | Control (24) | 51.0 ± 4.9 | 177 ± 5 | 85.0 ± 14.7 | – | 2.01 ± 0.15 | 60 ± 10 | 116 ± 10 | 73 ± 5 | 13 |
| Aerobic athletes (16) | 50.0 ± 8.0 | 176 ± 8 | 73.0 ± 8.0 | – | 1.89 ± 0.16 | 47 ± 8 | 112 ± 8 | 68 ± 4 | ||
| Jungblut et al. [43] | Control (12) | 69.0 ± 3.0 | 173 ± 9 | 79.0 ± 16.0 | 26 ± 3.4 | – | 69 ± 17 | 144 ± 17 | 82 ± 9 | 13 |
| Runners (12) | 69.0 ± 5.0 | 173 ± 5 | 66.0 ± 6.2 | 22 ± 1.7 | – | 57 ± 8 | 141 ± 15 | 77 ± 6 | ||
| Schmidt et al. [58] | Control (26) | 68.2 ± 3.2 | 176 ± 3 | 84 .1 ± 11.1 | 27.2 ± 3.8 | – | 61 ± 9 | 129 ± 14 | 77 ± 9 | 14 |
| Soccer players (17) | 68.1 ± 2.1 | 178 ± 2 | 78.1 ± 8.2 | 24.6 ± 2.3 | – | 55 ± 8 | 127 ± 14 | 75 ± 9 | ||
| Seals et al. [59] | Control (6) | 63.0 ± 3.0 | 181 ± 2 | 81.3 ± 7.4 | – | 2.01 ± 0.07 | 71 ± 7 | 130 ± 7 | – | 11 |
| Runners (8) | 64.0 ± 6.0 | 173 ± 6 | 63.8 ± 5.7 | – | 1.76 ± 0.08 | 50 ± 6 | 137 ± 14 | – | ||
| Molmen et al. [52] | Control (10) | 71.7 ± 1.3 | – | 76.5 ± 9.4 | 25 ± 2.5 | – | 66 ± 9 | 145 ± 17 | 81 ± 9 | 15 |
| Cross–country skiers (11) | 74.3 ± 1.8 | – | 74.5 ± 8.3 | 23 ± 1.9 | – | 53 ± 8 | 122 ± 16 | 71 ± 9 | ||
| Cottini et al. [34] | Control (15) | 61.0 ± 7.0 | – | – | – | – | 73 ± 8 | 128 ± 10 | 80 ± 8 | 6 |
| Aerobic athletes (15) | 60.0 ± 10.0 | – | – | – | – | 58 ± 8 | 120 ± 9 | 75 ± 8 | ||
| Olsen et al. [56] | Control (11) | 66.3 ± 3.8 | 175 ± 4 | 75.1 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 1.6 | – | 63 ± 7 | 127 ± 10 | 78 ± 5 | 15 |
| Runners (17) | 65.0 ± 4.6 | 176 ± 4 | 71.1 ± 5.9 | 23.1 ± 1.6 | – | 54 ± 8 | 138 ± 18 | 76 ± 14 | ||
| Fleg et al. [38] | Control (23) | 63.0 ± 6.0 | 177 ± 6 | 79.7 ± 11.9 | 25.3 ± 2.8 | 1.97 ± 0.16 | 72 ± 9 | 131 ± 17 | 79 ± 11 | 15 |
| Runners (16) | 65.0 ± 8.0 | 176 ± 6 | 70.7 ± 8.1 | 22.8 ± 2.2 | 1.86 ± 0.12 | 56 ± 12 | 125 ± 17 | 74 ± 14 | ||
| Miki et al. [51] | Control (14) | 49.0 ± 7.6 | – | – | – | 1.62 ± 0.14 | 61 ± 9 | 122 ± 10 | – | 10 |
| Cyclists (35) | 49.4 ± 6.4 | – | – | – | 1.82 ± 0.10 | 51 ± 7 | 125 ± 9 | – | ||
| Matelot et al. [48] | Control (10) | 59.0 ± 3.0 | 173 ± 5 | 78.6 ± 12.3 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | – | 70 ± 9 | 123 ± 8 | 79 ± 8 | 12 |
| Runners, cyclists (13) | 62.0 ± 3.0 | 172 ± 4 | 71.2 ± 6.1 | 24.1 ± 2.1 | – | 57 ± 10 | 120 ± 12 | 78 ± 9 | ||
| Donal et al. [37] | Control (15) | 58.9 ± 8.6 | 175 ± 10 | 78 ± 12.6 | – | 1.90 ± 0.20 | – | 141 ± 12 | 83 ± 7 | 14 |
| Cyclists (38) | 61.5 ± 5.6 | 173 ± 10 | 72.3 ± 6.3 | – | 1.85 ± 0.10 | – | 137 ± 10 | 80 ± 8 | ||
| Bohm et al. [30] | Control (33) | 46.0 ± 9.0 | 181 ± 6 | 80.0 ± 7.0 | – | 2.00 ± 0.10 | 65 ± 11 | 127 ± 8 | 78 ± 6 75 ± 7 |
15 |
| Runners, rowers, triathletes (33) | 47.0 ± 8.0 | 182 ± 5 | 75.0 ± 6.0 | – | 1.96 ± 0.10 | 48 ± 7 | 128 ± 8 | |||
| Grace et al. [7] | Control (22) | 62.7 ± 5.2 | 175 ± 6 | 89.9 ± 17.2 | – | – | 65 ± 12 | 139 ± 10 | 87 ± 5 | 13 |
| Triathletes, athletics, sprint cyclists, racquet sports (17) | 61.1 ± 5.4 | 173 ± 5.5 | 79.5 ± 12.3 | – | – | 59 ± 10 | 131 ± 11 | 82 ± 7 | ||
| Maufrais et al. [49] | Control (20) | 58.0 ± 7.0 | 177 ± 6 | 75.5 ± 11.8 | – | 1.92 ± 0.16 | 65 ± 9 | 127 ± 11 | 84 ± 7 | 13 |
| Cyclists (22) | 61.0 ± 7.0 | 177 ± 7 | 73.3 ± 8 | – | 1.90 ± 0.12 | 53 ± 9 | 127 ± 11 | 84 ± 7 | ||
| Maessen et al. [47] | Control (13) | 55.0 ± 8.0 | 181 ± 5 | 88.0 ± 9.0 | – | 2.09 ± 0.10 | – | – | – | 13 |
| Endurance athletes (16) | 57.0 ± 8.0 | 178 ± 8 | 74.0 ± 8.0 | – | 1.91 ± 0.13 | – | – | – |
Data are means ± standard deviation
BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure