Table 6.
Meta-analyses of athlete–control differences for cardiac structure, systolic and diastolic function
| Parameter | Number of studies | Difference in means | 95% CI | p value | Heterogeneity | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cochran’s Q | I2 statistic (%) | ||||||
| Cardiac structure | |||||||
| IVS (mm) | 18 | 1.23 | 0.85 to 1.60 | < 0.01 | 78.42 | 78.32 | < 0.01 |
| PWT (mm) | 18 | 1.20 | 0.83 to 1.56 | < 0.01 | 81.60 | 79.17 | < 0.01 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 23 | 3.65 | 2.66 to 4.64 | < 0.01 | 64.99 | 66.15 | < 0.01 |
| RWT | 11 | 0.00 | −0.02 to 0.03 | 0.73 | 51.89 | 80.73 | < 0.01 |
| LVM (g) | 10 | 72.03 | 45.70 to 98.36 | < 0.01 | 211.29 | 95.74 | < 0.01 |
| LVMi (g·m2) | 20 | 28.17 | 19.84 to 36.49 | < 0.01 | 148.62 | 87.22 | < 0.01 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 10 | 16.11 | 7.80 to 24.43 | < 0.01 | 56.02 | 83.93 | < 0.01 |
| LAD (mm) | 5 | 2.07 | −1.66 to 5.79 | 0.28 | 20.73 | 80.70 | < 0.01 |
| RVEDD (mm) | 3 | 3.49 | −0.55 to 7.53 | 0.09 | 29.37 | 93.19 | < 0.01 |
| Left ventricular systolic function | |||||||
| EF (%) | 15 | 0.43 | −1.57 to 2.44 | 0.67 | 82.90 | 83.11 | < 0.01 |
| FS (%) | 11 | −0.34 | −2.32 to 1.63 | 0.73 | 34.60 | 71.10 | < 0.01 |
| SV (mL) | 7 | 13.59 | 7.20 to 19.98 | < 0.01 | 30.48 | 80.31 | < 0.01 |
| s′ (cm·s−1) | 14 | 0.09 | −0.53 to 0.70 | 0.79 | 82.85 | 84.31 | < 0.01 |
| GLS (%) | 5 | −0.04 | −1.18 to 1.10 | 0.94 | 13.63 | 70.66 | 0.01 |
| Left ventricular diastolic function | |||||||
| E (cm·s−1) | 22 | 2.08 | −1.12 to 5.28 | 0.20 | 74.06 | 71.64 | < 0.01 |
| A (cm·s−1) | 20 | −8.20 | −11.90 to −4.51 | < 0.01 | 68.73 | 72.36 | < 0.01 |
| E/A | 23 | 0.18 | 0.13 to 0.24 | < 0.01 | 42.31 | 48.00 | 0.01 |
| e′ (cm·s−1) | 14 | 0.96 | 0.05 to 1.86 | 0.04 | 93.55 | 86.10 | < 0.01 |
| a′ (cm·s−1) | 13 | −0.72 | −1.31 to −0.12 | 0.02 | 41.32 | 70.96 | < 0.01 |
| e′/a′ | 7 | 0.23 | 0.06 to 0.40 | 0.01 | 61.44 | 90.23 | < 0.01 |
| E/e′ | 8 | 0.23 | −0.31 to 0.77 | 0.40 | 12.51 | 44.06 | 0.08 |
Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)
A late diastolic mitral inflow velocity, a′ late diastolic tissue velocity, CI confidence interval, E early diastolic mitral inflow velocity, e′ early diastolic tissue velocity, e′/a′ ratio of early to late diastolic tissue velocity, E/A ratio of early to late mitral inflow velocity, E/e′ ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic tissue velocity, EF ejection fraction, FS fractional shortening, GLS global longitudinal strain, IVS interventricular septal, LAD left atrial diameter, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVM left ventricular mass, LVMi left ventricular mass index, PWT posterior wall thickness, RVEDD right ventricular end-diastolic diameter, RWT relative wall thickness, s′ systolic tissue velocity, SV stroke volume