Table 4.
Gaps in mean early literacy test scores (reference category = Q3): Within countries and in comparison with the United States
| Q1–Q3 (Dc,1) | Q2–Q3 (Dc,2) | Q4–Q3 (Dc,4) | Q5–Q3 (Dc,5) | Overall Gap:Q5–Q1 (Gc) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaps in Test Scores Within Country | |||||
| United States | –0.65 | –0.33 | 0.37 | 0.61 | 1.26 |
| United Kingdom | –0.69 | –0.28 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 1.09 |
| Australia | –0.47 | –0.21 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.70 |
| Canada | –0.27 | –0.20 | 0.22 | 0.35 | 0.62 |
| Difference in Gaps in Test Scores Between the United States and Other Countries (DUS,q – Dc,q) | (GUS – Gc) | ||||
| United Kingdom | 0.04 | –0.05 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.17 |
| (0.09) | (0.07) | (0.07)** | (0.08)** | (0.09) | |
| Australia | –0.18 | –0.12 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.55 |
| (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.08)** | (0.09)** | (0.10)** | |
| Canada | –0.37 | –0.14 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.63 |
| (0.11)** | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.12)* | (0.13)** | |
Notes: Q1 to Q5 refer to income groups defined by the quintile boundaries of the U.S. income distribution from lowest to highest; that is, Q1 is the group with income less than $27,000, and Q5 is the group with income greater than $96,000. Q3 (families with incomes of $44,000–$65,000) is the reference group in all but the final column. Estimates are calculated from the underlying microdata separately for each country c. All scores are standardized. Standard errors are shown in parentheses. See Tables 1 and 2 for details of the source samples.
*p < .05; **p < .01